Chapter 1 Minerals

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Moraine Valley Community College**We aren't endorsed by this school

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EAS 120-00

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Geology

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Dec 20, 2024

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Name _K”e / T)/) K 0 Olﬂ d Course/Section M/ | Date _/2/,9/ 2071—} DueDate_/%/"/_?l;Z}lfi,’//‘ 1. Name the physical property (hardness, color, streak, etc.) described by each of the following statements. DESCRIPTION PHYSICAJ, PROPERTY Breaks along smooth planes: [‘ / aV&gé Scratches glass: Mflf/j ey Shines like a metal: //‘76 1+ I G l(} —f@f Scratching produces a red powder: j’/’ Je @Cl\, K Looks like broken glass: FfO’ (/71’(./ f@ 2. What term is used to describe the shape of a mineral that has three directions of cleavage that intersect at 90-degree angles? BoliC c/mvm@@, 3. Describe the cleavage of the minerals listed below. Include the number of directions and degrees of cleavage angles (if appropriate). MINERAL : C!_.EAVAGE Muscovite: &2 1€ d/reC 99, o A&?r@fi)f Calcite: TAree d; /‘,5("7‘/'01’}3 v d&?f&j Halite: 1")3{9(, _d /‘@C'fl(/l"é ﬂ@ ALG’!"@(M 7. Refer to the photo in Figure 1.33 to complete the Figure 1.32 Comparing crystal shape and cleavage. following. IO diclct oﬂfi 9.0 ’593’6 £5 Felospar: d ? { a. Describe the crystal form (habit) of this specimen 4. What physical feature most distinguishes biotite mica [’ f oL RK¥ ite mica? / from muscovite mica? C & /0 1~ b. What term is apphed to the lines on this sample? 5. Name a mineral that exhibits the physical proper- ) “f’ o ﬂ!»f [ ‘0 f’ < ties listed below. (Use the photos in this exercise, if c. Based on what you can determine from this phot needed.) use the mineral identification key (see Figure 1.2 PROPERTY MINERAL to identify this mineral. One direction of cleavage: & = Fol i Dl ﬂ\O / 0(/ (/'_Sé e dSP[A Striations: auor+c o Multiple colors: Flo Jri+6 Cubic cleavage: GAlén OL Nonmetallic, vitreous luster: [)'_?Uaff“f z Fracture: DXORC+ T bellic luster: [n OL }8 n o\ . Figure 1.32 illustrates the common crystal form of the mineral fluorite and the characteristic shape of a cleaved sample of fluorite. Identify each specimen (A orB) next to its appropriate description below. - Crystal form of fluorite: \M\ ~ Cleavage specimen of fluorite: \iL rigure 1.33 Visually identifying mineral R T o RIOPerlies. Photo by Dennis Tasar .-

24 Applications and Investigations in Earth Science 8. A photo of agate, a vari mlcrOSCOP'Ca”y Small crystals, is provided in Figure 1.34. Baseq on this image, describe the habit of this sample, el i ety of quartz composed of Figure 1.34 Agate, a microcrystalline variety of quartz. (Photo by Dennis Tasa) 9. If a mineral can be scratched by a penny but not by a human fingernail, what is its hardness on the Mohs scale? 3 What term is used to describe the tenacity of muscovite? elas5+cC 11. Use the mineral identification key (see Figure 1.24) to identify a mineral that is nonmetallic, dark colored, harder than glass, lacking cleavage, and green in color. A OININE 10. 12. For each mineral listed below, list at least one diag- 13. 14. nostic property that could be used to help distin- guish this mineral from the others described in this exercise. (Refer to Figure 1.23 and Figure 1.24, if necessary.) MINERAL NAME DIAGNOSTIC PROPERTY vaite:_C12AV0IE And Salty taste Galena: ijofi retolliC lUbfﬂrM Magnetite: /"70«9 Nne ’}"/’C M‘l"(‘@lC}llfifL Muscovite: C/ fi(hlf@% an A CO/ o HematitsC O Lo nd W@fdhéff Fluorite: /U J 1 é{\ C ‘()U\VC"QQ }')OU‘A n@S} Talc: _‘)6{“{(18)5 r/"V$J'IL(//Q Streak Graphite: Co /0(, (’ILFG@K Ffi(fil JOI:'H'I(/§§ Calcite: lufi%@/‘ Cl @mVﬂO@ hordnéss List the two most common rock- formlng mineral groups. sSpor Feld QRuar4z. Provide an economic use for each mineral listed below. Hematite: 0r& 0’: :/"O/) / \\ ea f‘ / ﬂﬂ-] PAYIXIDPRP PP P YR Graphite: 56/76/ e Sphalerite: J_Fzfi\ra%fi\m/ Gypsum: [9@4/\ 0‘.} 6[\ Calcite: Cemeﬂ-/" 5();[ Gond T/Ofi/pfi$ B s oot A MO G A.\, D@ P son Education, Inc.

Exercise One / The Study of Minerals 1 g l yto 7”’)@}/ Mmeet pt 90 Aegreés Figure 1.18 Identifying cleavage of calcite. men supplied by your instructor that exhibi : its more than one directi ‘ ge does it have? What are the angles of its et irection of cleavage. How ¥ 2 A TR g | 8 $ FoRE R elect one mineral speci directions of cleava

A T ?ht?:: I)’rf gpert'les of certain minerals vary among different specimens of the same mineral. e lt perties are referred to as ambiguous properties. Whichxi;]:\]/fl de:?:;ne the most common physical prope.rties used to identify minerals, Sh e o ecif’ i COlO.r, streak, crystal shape (or habit), hardness, cleavage, fra.cture, ; Pecitic gravity. We will then look at some special properties that are useful in the identification of a few specific minerals. p T ‘ B S S 1. List the five characteristics an Earth material must have in order to be considered a mineral. a. NATUCE|] y vceyrring e. S0[id SobStancé L oraerly crystol . dlepifi +€ C herlicol CompoSiyiol| +hot nt, 5 2. Use the geologic definition of a mineral to determine whi are not. For each item listed, check either Yes or No and explain your choice. FO]) WATC U7 \a;,,..( DERRAPRER Sy T VS _, i< o RN ALAAN-A J . 5 g 3 o =7 ., e _.. A ——— g e R s share this property, a salty taste is considered a diagnostic property of halite. b. 2encrolly in or?mn '@.yrdc+'df@ ~'omow,§ ch of the items listed in Figure 1.2 aré m ATy s} AR S R L7 o ; Rain wkater / ‘3 1 60 ¢ fg/"l_ﬂ@/fi/’?f&f : Quartz V4 F S —f"hé) f'l(:’:)’r“i"’ [’,0{%"’2[}‘[7 m,/)émlg B ,, . 7t 15 Formed From orgnn/c Mot PJF 5‘0/’)'@ Var/’m’nOy} inerals and which e |V F 1S F0')/201(7/) Hh corths Crost, ANC, [+ COMES [FIM . l 4 ‘/ij - Wood 4 6 U(Lr Figure 1.2 Which Synthetic diamonds M7WW@ ) Jroyl SALE Found | of these materials are minerals? . WZWL_LL/LZI U ity continued ok T B N — St ‘;:,n:!‘..,“.;;..;.‘:-';,-.'.,-‘ (;.f s .,;3:5.'7:1?«;’;_-;; T o T I e e e R e e B P S b o S . 5 2t DRSO S LA Y TS O S £ SN (el - % NEYSS e T P o S e s

B =3 S | Applications and Investigations in Earth Science Activity 1.1 continued | | : 3. Figure 1.3 provides images of some rocks and minerals. Which of these appear to be rocks, and which are mos ~likely minerals? (Identify the samples by letter.) A Rocks: p Minerals: 1 - . B C. o Figure 1.3 Rock or mineral? .‘ Ine five samples shown in Figure 1.4 are all specimens of the mineral fluorite. Is color a diagnostic or ambiguous - property of fluorite? Explain. @biguovs +hecoloralopit 'S et m ﬂ/mb Way Jo jd/n 7Y it. 5 Var) (o dye 4o The //7fi(/m+ = SmartFigure 1.4 Color varia- ftuons exhibited by the minera| fluorlte (Photo by Dennls Tasa)

identification of a few specific minerals. ///////////////////////// NI AR AN A 1. List the five characteristics an Earth material must have in order to be considered a mineral. T [ 7 ((C/ // / / k /’ ) (¢ | a. nfiT(/f“/ )4 cevrn fi %i/% —.f / 7, JZ;/?KZ h lé’/ T /fip/ c. S0[i0 _><)C tanLé- d_ orageriy W jolfint, 54TV C p ~ e o P~ /’ % ‘/ /fi 'g‘» f}z { 9@/&/ /r?fi/y /§m Vé O’ Z/r / ﬂ l ‘f"(’/ ( }fg (/9 /yfij C A /{} 7 /‘/ fi_; 2. Use the geologic definition of a mineral to determine which of the items listed in Figure 1.2 are minerals anc are not. For each item listed, check either Yes or No and explain your choice. Y AT XY ARV 4 Ca f e Rain water 4 v pecd For Dielfl4S M N TR Quartz ) / ,f ' F 5 < J/ [ Gj [fi“/“ u//? /y? [g f gf??t i!A Coal itis Forméd rrom o f“} oniC me%@f Silver / }j |5 }ij«i}ffij 1 /) ?’Kié? éj ffi) {; @ijfif wos 0 mde S Coms FTON /5}/}%% g.//(; @}w)fi/fifiﬂdu ﬂfg /W(/) Wég Figure 1.2 Wh Synthetic diamonds /i€ Halite / ~ | //ri_ / > n/q(%(/f”@ 1’ <fi1!/f FFod 1’0] 7 Sr:‘i;zerszzgﬂaterials

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#E <‘-'"l“ A A Y g L. | “!: [ Ly | | [ “"1 { 1 Ay Q‘ A PR ‘ oM v«)-“\\f\:fi R & = Fig 2. Examine the mineral specimens provided by your instructor and separate them into two groups—metallic and nonmetallic. Lin';onftc; s 0 L~ | Gypsum (satin spar) o /::‘:;' ;:- ; Yoy " By~ B Talc A C Native copper ure 1.5 Various types of mineral luster. vetalic: pati Vo coppol QoL NaA Nonmetallic: Q VArt Z/ = Describe the ph identify minerals. A o th e most conspicuous mineral characteristic. AT, Yp5ur, |/ moni e Color and Streak ysical properties commonly used to

lications ang Investigations in Earth Science ased on the samples of quartz in Figure 1.7, explain why color is not a diagnostic property of this mineral. B VYO /5 oh fhe r’/"l/?{;/frh@{ preseit, Figure 1.7 Color variations exhibited by the mineral quartz. igure 1.8 shows two specimens of the mineral hematite and their corresponding streaks. For both samples, escribe the color of the specimen and the streak. Figure 1.8 Hematite, an ore of iron, is found in both nonmetallic and metallic forms. COLOR OF SPECIMEN . SHREA specimen A: redg’ o h lijl/Lr'/l m e}"&//a’(/ ws.ij C4p specimen B: [fi’fowl’) nopfrero|iic I()J‘{'@F elect three of the mineral specimens provided by your instructor. Do they exhibit a streak? If so, is the streak the ame color as the mineral specimen? COLOR OF SPECIMEN STREAK specimen A: specimen B: specimen C: 5 some observers, the mineral shown in Figure 1.9 exhibits a metallic luster, while others describe its luster as onmetallic. Based on the streak of this sample, how would you describe its luster? wter: OYIMETRILC U Ster o Light yellow streak

> minerals shown in Figure 1.14 are fluorite and topaz th e been tested for hardness using a wire nail. Use the M rle In Figure 1.13 to identify which is fluorite and which az. L - MINERAL NAME )cimen A: ! our) }cimen B: | ?-O iCt three mineral specimens from the set provided by % uctor. Determine the hardness of each mineral, using e 1.1 as a guide. HARDNESS cimen A: ' X} LA simen B: R T s simen C: - REEISS

1. Describ /‘7() e éhg c\:/leél\—/age ft?(ffi Mmineral shown |nF ure (}/17 //JO}OQ ;/‘E,’C’f/?ﬂ /7&/\} ‘ 0\/50 a(;ie 7},0 Ee S QPO‘FQ f@d ;/}T‘O “ ; %}/7 ’7 5 /4 e 61 CCRUZ(? Ok ] -i'S \“‘\ S e rrecr ) @m\/fig’g SmartFigure 1.17 OE: Identifying cleavage | of muscovite., | = i : H [ i H i ‘ 2. Refer to Figure 1.18, which shows a mineral that has several smooth, flat cleavage surf following: a. How many cleavage sun‘aces are present on the specimen? ,)L% i 1Mo ub; e j7 /705%0 S The specimon | b. How many directions of c/egvagé are present on the specimen? Ihre€

Figure 1.22 Sheets of eIaS‘Fic mineralsi(hvt\(;re]en muscovite, can be bent but will snap baq o the stress is released. Sheets of muscovu_teht b transparent because they transmit both lig images. (Photo by Dennis Tasa) S of Minerals 1. What do We mean whgn we refer to a minecal’s tenacity? List three terms that describe tgpaCitY- ; ff@mcff describes g [lr0elrols 45/ 5tance 17 CEAKing or elecoriing. Br e, paliéabie, sechill. ; = i 2. Describe the Simple chemical test / 4 that is useful in the identificatj,on of the mineral calcite. TP ac/dtest For cojcitt, nclyd?s o yery small Arop of 4./l te 99roChlori, 0.Ciad wlil fovse fhep, T0EIZT 3. Compare and contrast the terms opaque, tran your instructor that is an example of each. Sfi@” =LICANS Do ViSibibityy +1an Sparercy gllows Yoy +o Mrm,@)é /7‘/, 7L ans/oce : | A GJloyuls You Fo See portiall y '7"}7/‘(76/9é I Hhoyire all Sim slucent, and transparent. Select a mineral from the set supplied by ff/{,fi/” é)f{"f"”’fi(y(’é -}'/,;,(;-y O/é(’ 6 ‘ , - w g 7€) >Criol hotl 1ioh+ pdsses throuoh g M2 e r o) BN Identification of Minerals dentify minerals using a mineral identification key. y that you are ac quainted with the physical properties of minerals, & You are readv tn =

i = g S 3 g — i fig@»u,m I S b e O e BN 0 R S i Sample Luster Hardness | Color | Streak Fracture or (r%l(rfggg%f Other Properties Name | Econogﬂric 'Use _' N number : directions and angles) 5’ //‘()/ +00’C/7; | Rock-formmg | = oﬂ/”f'la\ CO/or | - ;. ;i‘ 2% Lecs | ( /;Le, 60/7060)0/@/ | '« | ?’VPJ anm | COﬂSfer, S Z’”W”%‘7, ontgEE GssY [ | , g 2 brom White | Conchoidn| framemddd® Clarnetd | jndy Jm} | C Brass Greenisn ggngf GIHY AN E e d“i’/“& o | 3 et Z_S yg//pwl blaCK ,Cof)c/f,ol‘d()\} [gregyt{fgé- (i o JC’UE Iry | Won | o | appéaranc{/ e /‘767"0If 7 Ca/ar White CO/’)CO/de @/ﬂ &Oar%b éfmg%ofief) )70/’7 g Gvrmy Cleavoge pPool” hp/(g\/a,v’) % ; = eta) | fi ,,\Mn Ld}o € 6r abSens Crigis 1o Corundom E/ﬂa/ufir/al fid/’ | e | §+f’/fi+/ ans Plogioclase r-‘e/d/pfifa = el | 5 Aar/(gmyzzlfl e | Cl EAVIDL, ”} e @wg indo 5#,@ ' fﬂy i3 i f~*- JI7 7l § if Mfiﬂz/h& /é Dlack |y ack SB[ nctiC Magnedite = con(’fr(/ﬂ,m- | /)(7 7 : g | ? Mfi;)a ’ 5 Grfien OJV)NL@ Conehoido ]\,‘/0\ | 74)0@7‘7 . % /{I?JUS%)’}&\ 1o | ; = R w5 P/m/( White jrregolar N/a Or+hoGlaSe | pon | */0 77e74) % Clear ibive cwc/v@/dm Salthraste\ | - its // /')0/7 Z_ fimor/fijfi 17 B —/'fan.Sﬂmr‘en—f “/1’/ , ;rrezwar&,,,/ elastic el 54 Passas] 7 thin Sheeis " 103G AL 1 /ndww/m No 7 [@lie | . [CIEAVAI T~ |Smanli oins /2— Vs I /é | WhiFe J 155y PO I absent - Giraing @)'V//?ti Dreen |

©2019 Pearson Education, Inc. ‘ ; Cleavage { , Economic Use rslgmgg Luster Hardness | Color Streak | Fracture or (number of ’ Other Properties Name or directions and angles) Rock-forming 114 orygtalling wa nanmeﬂ 3 Lokl whl;e irreouia NJA Flovrite | mineral o | /lzifmsh 5 Hornbilend€. 3 oA retal /6 %’1@5/5 Whitt Conckmd&t/ NJA | RConsE 1 ,—eo\ Ploty ;wefiwher,nq 0 %memmc o 59”” browr\ Jrregviar Aﬂpgramé W" motite | o2 n (panupuoo) BEETN eiep neieugw €2t ‘éJnB!fi ey | 9,, Mefa//:a Z f&fﬂ\)/ fi’ffiy wmho,dm | very hem\/)/ & a 6}/}9\ bl B ioh | | | 7 meral :",_,_*,,—3_“‘.5&)%’% wh,fe conchoide) Hc, AL o\ Calcie 8 LOnStrochon ﬂO}? Cireen 5‘4 AU /4_@ . 65’5;6//)1‘!0‘»[ j/X petal ;VS ff'a“ ¢ (LWhite Con (,1/20/0/01/ N/A @% : j’ s oy | foar K | 19| petal | 3 /Qo;azun G f/’ly //“ e gymr h /3,07%%& o - | { Zé’;,/’”fé’*fit’ 7 Loh 7"@ wb/%(/;‘ /F‘f‘@g? vlar | Soap) Feel %f“fa , C o775 frﬂfi‘h 27 6‘0’?_5#0?* Refer to the sect'ion on “Mineral