Module1&2Review

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School

Nelson Mandela High School**We aren't endorsed by this school

Course

BIOLOGY NEUROSCIEN

Subject

Biology

Date

Dec 23, 2024

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Uploaded by DrSardine4538

Understanding Concepts 1. In your notebook, draw a diagram of a neuron. Label the dendrites, cell body, axon, and synaptic terminals. Identify the location of the sodium-potassium pump. 2. Which type of glial cell is responsible for increasing the speed of nerve impulses? Identify the structure that this type of glial cell forms, and explain how the structure speeds impulse transmission. 3. The diagram below shows the nerve pathway that would be involved if you accidentally caught your finger in a door as it closed. 9 a) Name the types of neurons indicated by numbers 2,3, and 5 on the diagram, and describe their functions. b) Describe what is occurring at each number, from 1 through 6. Identify the stimulus and effector. c) Identify the two brain structures at number 3, and describe their functions. d) Name the brain structure at number 4, and describe its function. e) Explain how this nerve pathway differs from a reflex arc. f) Explain how using a painkiller, such as Aspirin™, would affect this nerve pathway and alleviate pain. 4. An obvious symptom of bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE) is extreme lack of co-ordination. Infer the areas of the brain that BSE affects to cause this symptom. 5. Draw a graph that represents the change in voltage across a neuron’s membrane during impulse transmission. Label the x-axis “Voltage” and the y-axis “Time.” Label polarization, depolarization, repolarization, and the return to polarization on your graph. Indicate the voltage during each of these events. ({59 468 MHR: Unit5 The Nervous and Endocrine Systems REVIEW A A 6. Identify the major divisions of the nervous system indicated by the letters in the diagram below. List the major roles of each division. human nervous system (A) (D) I_I_I I_I_I (B JN(C) (E JN(F) — (GJNN(H) 7. Name three areas of the body with specialized clusters of sensory neurons that relay information to the brain. Which structure of the brain does each cluster of sensory neurons affect? 8. Asyou have learned, there are four types of sensory receptors: mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and thermoreceptors. For each type, name a) the form of energy that is converted into electrochemical impulses, and b) the human sense(s) that rely on this type of receptor. 9. The light-detecting cells of the eye are found at the back of the retina, under several layers of cells. Identify and describe the structures of the eye that light passes through, from the outside of the eyeball to the light- detecting cells. What are the names and functions of the light-detecting cells? 10. Which structures of the ear enable a person to maintain balance while dancing? Which structures of the ear enable a person to maintain balance while standing still, watching birds fly overhead? Compare and contrast the functions of these different structures. 11. Outline the structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear. How does each structure contribute to hearing? ({59 12. Draw a flowchart to show how light is transformed into nerve impulses in the retina. (G0 13. What are the functions of the aqueous humour and vitreous humour of the eye? 14. Think about walking from a dark room to a bright room. Explain how your eyes adjust to the bright light. 15. What do neurotransmitters and hormones have in common? In general, how are they different? 16. In a table, list the ways in which the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems act antagonistically to maintain homeostasis in the body. {5i®

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Name the human system (nervous and/or endocrine) that would be most important in each activity, and justify your choice. a) driving a car b) raising your blood glucose levels when you are hungry ¢) regulating your blood glucose levels when you are playing soccer After playing a game of softball on a hot, sunny day, you are perspiring and very thirsty. List the glands and hormones that help your body maintain homeostasis in this situation. Describe the effects of these glands and hormones. Describe the hormonal response that is involved in the short-term response to a stressful situation, such as being surprised by a fire alarm. What is this response called? Draw and annotate a feedback loop to explain how a lack of dietary iodine can result in a goitre. ({<P Describe three challenges that were faced by the researchers who first determined the structures and functions of the major endocrine glands and hormones. In general, how is a hormone able to “recognize” and stimulate its target cells? Using a specific example, explain how the hormones of the adrenal medulla complement the actions of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. People with diabetes tend to avoid foods that are high in sugar. Explain why someone with type 1 diabetes would keep juice or a chocolate bar handy. a) Why has the pituitary gland often been called “the master gland”? b) Explain how the hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland. Is “the master gland” a suitable name for the pituitary gland? What causes diabetes insipidus? Describe the symptoms of this condition. Various endocrine glands and their hormones regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood. a) List these hormones, and explain their effects on blood glucose levels. b) Form a hypothesis to explain why several hormones in the body, rather than just one, control blood glucose levels. 28. Use a flowchart to show why thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is considered to be a tropic hormone. What regulates the release of TSH? 29, List the three hormones that are produced by the adrenal cortex. Compare and contrast the functions of these hormones and their effects on the body. (5P 30. Draw a concept map to organize the following endocrine structures and their functions: hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, kidneys, pancreas, hGH, ADH, TSH, thyroxine, ACTH, cortisol, insulin, glucagon. (4P Applying Concepts 31. Many people consider the Ironman Triathlon to be the most gruelling endurance event in the world. World champion contender, Chris Legh, almost died during the 1997 championship in Hawaii, when he pushed his body systems well past their homeostatic limits. He collapsed just metres before the finish line and had to be rushed to hospital. Doctors found that many of his body’s systems had been damaged from severe dehydration and heat. Name five physiological conditions that were probably not operating at homeostasis in Chris Legh’s body by the end of the race. Which responses of the nervous and endocrine systems would ordinarily have regulated these physiological conditions in order to restore homeostasis in his body? 32. Suppose that Alan, a six-year boy, is growing so quickly that he is 80 percent taller than his Grade 1 peers. An MRI scan reveals that he has a tumour in the anterior pituitary gland. What is most likely causing his rapid growth? What condition could Alan develop if corrective measures are not taken to deal with his hormonal imbalance? 33. Draw an outline diagram of yourself, and identify and label the major structures in your nervous system. Indicate the structures you are using to complete these questions. {99 34, Suppose that you stub your foot on a chair leg. Your foot recoils before you feel any pain. Draw a flowchart of the nerve pathway that is involved in this reaction. What is this reaction called? How does this reaction protect you? When you later feel pain, what structures in your nervous system are involved? (< Unit 5 Review* MHR 469

35. A neurosurgeon is probing a person’s brain in order to map the brain’s functions. The person is awake and feels no pain during the procedure. As each area of the brain is probed, the person perceives a different sensation, as described in the following table. Make a table in your notebook to list the structures of the brain that are stimulated by the probes, and the function of each structure. Responses During Brain Probe pﬂ:fi 0 FEerson’s response A “I can hear a radio playing.” B “I see a flash of bright light.” C “I can smell the flowers in my garden.” D “I remember a happy moment from my childhood.” E “I can feel pain in my foot.” F “My finger just twitched.” 36. Researchers used a squid giant axon to study changes in the neuron’s membrane during nerve impulse transmission. They manipulated the ion concentrations around the neuron, but kept ion concentrations within the neuron constant. Predict the results they obtained when they a) added sodium ions to the fluid surrounding the axon b) added potassium ions to the fluid surrounding the axon Justify each of your predictions. Suggest a third change that the researchers could make to ion concentrations b) How might a strong stimulus affect the state of polarization of the neuron? What would the ion concentrations and voltage across the membrane become? What would the generated response be called? ¢) Qualitatively describe how the ion concentrations would change during repolarization. How would this affect the voltage across the membrane? 38. a) In your notebook, draw a simple diagram that shows a presynaptic neuron, a neuromuscular junction, and the associated facial muscle. b) Ilustrate the transmission of a nerve impulse at this neuromuscular junction. Label the synaptic vesicles, acetylcholine, cholinesterase, and receptor proteins. ¢) Explain why Botox® injections around the forehead smooth facial wrinkles. On your diagram, indicate how Botox® affects the neuromuscular junction. 39. An eagle has a large number of densely packed cones in the retina. What advantages might this adaptation give the eagle? 40. Most elephants can detect sound frequencies between 1 Hz and 20 000 Hz. The following table lists the data collected when different sound frequencies were used to stimulate a single auditory neuron from an elephant and a single auditory neuron from a human. Write a paragraph that explains the results in terms of threshold potential and the all-or-none response. Note whether or not nerve activity increases as sound frequency increases. Sound Stimulation of an Elephant Ear Neuron and a Human Ear Neuron around the neuron and the effect this change would have. 37. Use the table below to answer the questions that follow. Sodium lon and Potassium lon Concentrations Inside and Outside a Neuron pncentrati oncentration i Frequency o *m an ear neuron euron stimulated? stimulated%m sound (Hz 0.5 no no 1 yes no 20 yes yes 40 yes yes nside neur ody fluid outside (mmol/L) neuron (mmol/L) sodium ion 12 145 potassium ion 140 4 a) What do the ion concentrations in the table suggest about the state of polarization of the neuron? Indicate the voltage across the membrane with respect to the inside of the neuron. How does a neuron establish this charge difference across the membrane? 470 MHR - Unit5 The Nervous and Endocrine Systems 41. On a dare, a high-school student foolishly drinks 4 L of water in 20 min. How would this affect the concentrations of sodium in the student’s blood? Describe how the endocrine system would help to return the body systems to homeostasis. Name the hormones and gland(s) that would be involved. 42. The following graph illustrates the changes in a person’s blood glucose concentrations before and after a meal. Study the graph, and answer the following questions.

43, Relative Blood Glucose Concentrations over 12 h food ingested Relative blood glucose concentrations Time (h) a) Describe what happened to the person’s blood glucose concentration at 5 h. b) Identify the hormone that was released at 7 h, the gland that released it, and the stimulus. ¢) Identify the hormone that was released at 8 h, the gland that released it, and the stimulus. d) Predict how the graph would look if the person engaged in strenuous exercise at 12 h. What hormone would be released during exercise? e) Suppose that the person has type 1 diabetes. When would he have taken insulin? The following data were collected from one person over 40 years as part of an experimental study. Results were always collected 3 h after a main meal. Daily Blood Glucose Concentrations over 40 Years 10 4.5 20 5.0 30 6.5 40 8.0 50 16.5 a) Why were the readings always taken 3 h after the main meal of the day? b) The concentrations given are averages of 10 readings taken over one month. Why are averages given instead of raw data? ¢) What has happened to the person’s blood glucose concentrations over the 40 years? d) What condition is associated with her symptoms? What causes this condition? e) Suggest two things that she can do to improve her condition. 44, Your friend is frustrated in math class because his desk is at the back of the room and he cannot see the chalkboard. Other students at the back of the room say, however, that they have no trouble seeing the chalkboard. Tell your friend what kind of corrective lenses may help him. Draw a simple diagram to show him why his eyes likely have trouble focussing on distant objects. (5D Making Connections 45. 46. 47. 48. 49, 50. 51. People who work with heavy equipment without ear protection often suffer hearing loss, but only for certain sound frequencies. Explain why. When children are between six months and 10 years of age, the frontal lobe of their brain consumes twice as much energy as the frontal lobe of an adult brain. Name the major functions of the frontal lobe. Suggest why the frontal lobe of a child’s brain needs more energy than the frontal lobe of an adult’s brain. Give two practical uses for a PET scan of the brain. If a PET scan of the brain is going to be used to gather research results, do the researchers have an ethical obligation to explain to study participants what data is being collected and how the results will be used? Justify your response in a brief paragraph. The Students’ Union at your school has raised $5000 for medical research. Students are being polled to determine what research they would like to support: research on multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Explain how each of these diseases affects the nervous system. Argue why each disease is worthy of the money for research. Suggest how a medication that binds and interferes with dopamine could be used to help someone recover from a cocaine addiction. Use a diagram to show how the medication might work. Do you think that someone with a cocaine addiction should be forced to take the medication? Justify your response. Suppose that you belong to a health promotion committee. The committee is preparing a campaign to teach people about treatments for cancer, high blood pressure, and heart disease. Explain to the committee how the endocrine system reacts to long-term stress and how this reaction affects the body. Explain why the campaign should also teach people ways to reduce stress. Six months ago, your friend started a sodium-free diet. She has eliminated table salt, seafood, and dairy products from her diet. She tells you that recently her throat has been swollen, she has been feeling more tired and cold than usual, and she has gained weight. Based on her symptoms, what do you think has occurred in her endocrine system? Why should she see a doctor? Unit 5 Review* MHR 471