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LING 313

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Linguistics

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Dec 23, 2024

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Ling 313-midterm examNovember 22, 2023Student Name-Surname:This exam contains 6 pages and 6 sections. Every section has multiple sub-questions. Please do not write on the tablebelow.Question:123456TotalPoints:201015151525100Score:1.20 pointsFill in the circle for your choice in (1)–(20) below. There is only one correct answer to each question.1. Which of the suﬃxes inboldisnota vowel-harmonic suﬃx?⃝kırıklar⃝ya¸sayacak■teyzemgil⃝parasız2. Which of the segments in the given underlying representation of the wordya˘glarındanisnotcorrect?/jaG//-ëAR//-In//-DAn/1234⃝1⃝2■3⃝43. Which one of the following is a light/open/weak syllable?[hW.ja:.net.likffh1234■1⃝2⃝3⃝44. Which word contains only oral stop consonants?⃝[majdanoz]■[budakh]⃝[fWsthWkh]⃝[tShaRSaf]5. Which word doesnotexhibit any differences between its phonemic form and its phonetic form?⃝iman⃝mektep⃝tebe¸sir■hacı6. Which one isnota phoneme of Standard Modern Turkish?⃝/i:/■/B/⃝/G/⃝/th/7. Which of the following is wrong of Standard Modern Turkish?⃝Syllabification obeys the Onset First Principle.⃝There are some final consonant clusters.⃝There are no initial consonant clusters.■There are no phonemic long vowels.8. Which one is the phonemic (i.e., underlying) representation of the wordvücutin Standard Modern Turkish(based on the rules we discussed in the class)?⃝/ByÃud/⃝/vyÃuth/■/vyÃu:d/⃝/ByÃu:th/9. What is the correct underlying representation of the suﬃx in bold?kendini bil-eninsan■/-(j)An/⃝/-en/⃝/-(I)n/⃝/-an/1 of 6

Name:10. Which of the following Standard Modern Turkish words has a different final consonant in its phonemic (i.e.,underlying) representation?⃝maç⃝saç■uç⃝koç11. Which of the following words has a derivation from phonemic (underlying) to phonetic (surface) level thatinvolves a de-gemination rule (i.e., reducing a long underlying consonant to a short one)?⃝yük⃝hukuk■hak⃝bayrak12. Which of the following phonological rules does not apply to the phonemic (i.e., underlying) representationof the wordyattı?⃝vowel harmony■vowel shortening⃝consonant harmony⃝de-aspiration13. Two sounds that are in contrastive distribution are called.⃝themes■phonemes⃝allophones⃝xylophones14. The voiced palato-alveolar affricate is indicated with the IPA symbol.■[Ã]⃝[S]⃝[tS]⃝[s]15. Which word contains a long vowel in its phonological form?■ihtiyaç⃝havuç⃝saman⃝yavru16. Which word has only [+high] vowels?⃝körük⃝elibelinde⃝tövbe■izdü¸süm17. Which one isnotan obstruent sound?■/a/⃝kh/⃝/f/⃝/S/18. In Standard Modern Turkish the phoneme/n/is realized aswhen (a) it follows a [-back]vowel in the same syllable and (b) it occurs before a velar stop./n/→[. . . ]/V[-back]$C[velar stop]⃝[n]■[Nff]⃝[N]⃝[M]19. Which one has a final consonant cluster underlyingly?⃝so˘gan■a˘gız⃝somun⃝tahmin20. Which one is a regular root in terms of stress placement, i.e., a word that is stressed on the final syllable.⃝galiba⃝hangi⃝Romanya■havuç2.10 pointsEach word has one transcription mistake. Find the mistake and explain in one or two sentences whythey are mistakes.[anëathaÃhakëaRWmW][gffæRtShekffthæN][dinëejeÃekffseniz]123Solution:1.[Ãh]: There are no aspirated voiced sounds/affricates/obstruents in Turkish. 2.[N]: Velar nasal isan allophone of/n/that appears only if the latter is followed by a velar stop, a configuration that does not exist in(2). 3.[ë]: This lateral allophone occurs only when it’s syllable-mate is a back vowel. (Also accepted as extra:[ë]in (1) assimilates to the nasal preceding it.)2 of 6

Name:3.15 pointsFor each word in (1)–(2) below, provide the derivation of the surface (phonetic) form from the under-lying (phonemic) form by applying the relevant phonological rules. “+” indicates a suﬃx boundary.1.hayatlar‘lives’wordsuffixphonemic form//+/-/Solution:/haja:th/+/-ëAR/V-shortening:[hajath+ -ëAR]De-aspiration:[hajat + -ëAR]V-harmony:[hajat + -ëaR]/R/-devoicing:[hajat + -ëaR˚]phonetic form[]2.hacim‘volume’wordphonemic form//Solution:/haÃm/V-insertion[haÃimphonetic form[]4.15 pointsSolve the proportions (identify the correct IPA symbol for (?) in (1)-(3) below and explain brieflyhow you did it?1. If[f]:[v], then[F]:[?].Solution:[B]: we need the same place and manner of articulation but a voiced sound.2. If[S]:[Z], then[Ùh]:[?].Solution:[B]: we need the same place and manner of articulation but a voiced sound.3. If[u]:[W], then[y]:[?].Solution:[W]: we need the same height and backness, but an unround V.5.15 pointsProvide examples that satisfy the given conditions in each question in (1)-(3) below.1. Thephonetic formof a word that contains a velar sound, a high round front vowel and a lateral sound, in thisorder.3 of 6

Name:Solution:[kffhyl]or[kffhyL];[gffyl]or[gffyL]; but also any word that has the same sequence but not in adjacentform,.2. One vowel-harmonic but stress-wise irregular suﬃx in its correctphonemicform.Solution:/-m(A)/,/-(j)mISh/etc3. One word that containsonlyclosed/heavy/strong syllables. You do not need to transcribe the word.Solution:e.g., ekmek, hakim6.25 pointsIn Appendixcolumn1 you are given a set of data from CaucasianUrum Turkish (CUT). Urum is spoken in Tsalka, Georgia by about 1500Turkish-speaking Orthodox people, who emigrated there from Kars, Erzurumand a few other cities after the Russo-Ottoman war of 1877-1878.Ling 313—Assignment I Fall 2020 4 (15) yavaş_________ Answer: 6.This question is composed of four sub-questions. Read them carefully. Recall that we have identified /kh/ as a phoneme of (SMT) and concluded that it has four allophones. (i)Write down these four allophones of SMT (2 points). (ii)Provide the relevant phonological rules for each allophone of /kh/ in SMT. If you need, you may look at the data from SMT, given in Table 1 COLUMN 2(4points).In Table 1 COUMN 1 you are given a set of data from Caucasian Urum Turkish. Urum is spoken in Tsalka, Georgia by about 1500 Turkish-speaking Orthodox Greeks, who emigrated there from Kars, Erzurum and a few other cities after the Russo-Ottoman war of 1877-1878. (iii)Look at the data from Caucasian Urum Turkish, given below. Investigate all the environments in which allophones of SMT’s /kh/ occur in Caucasian Urum. Write down a phonological rule for each allophone and its environment you observe (25 points). 1. We know that/kh/is a phoneme in Standard Turkish. We also know/kh/’s allophones and their environments.Now look at the CUT data and identify all the allophones that correspond to the allophones of/kh/inStandard Turkish. Write down the environment of every allophone (where does it occur?). You can use anotation or you can write it in full sentences.Solution:[K]: word initially with a back V in the same syllable.[x]: word-finally, syllable-initially and syllable-finally with a back V in the same syllable (+word finally ina cluster) .[kff]: syllable finally with a front V in the same syllable.[kffh]:word-initially, syllable-initially, word-finally with a front V in the same syllable.2. Decide which allophone should be taken as the phoneme. Explain briefly why.Solution:I am quite lenient here. The students can choose either/kffh/or/x/as the phoneme; however,what they say should make a bit sense: if they provide only three environments for[kffh]and[x]each,they cannot simply say that[x]or[kffh]has wider distribution/more environments than the others withoutadditional arguments.Possible answers:a. (only if they mention the environment “+word finally in a cluster” of [x]): [x] has wider distributionthan others; therefore/x/is the phoneme.(if they do not mention the rule above): Although [x] and[kffh]have the same number of environments,b./x/is the phoneme because cross-linguistically fronting is more common than the reverse.c./kffh/is the phoneme. Although it has the same number of environments as [x], I counted four [+back]vowels ([a, W, o, u]), with which [x] occurs in the same syllable and five [-back] vowels ([e, i, y, ø, æ]),with which[kffh]occurs in the same syllable. This may mean that[kffh]has more frequency in this language.4 of 6

Name:appendix iCaucasian UrumStandard TurkishTranslation(1)a[haëx][haëkh]‘people’b[gffæl.dWx][gffæl.dikffh]‘we arrived’c[o.ëux][o.ëukh]‘gutter’d[jaR.phax][jap.Rakh]‘leaf’(2)a[KW.sa][khW.sa]‘short’b[KaR.SWx][kha.RW.SWkh]‘mixed’c[Ko.jun][kho.jun]‘sheep’d[KuR.ban][khuR.ban]‘sacrifice’(3)a[a.xWë][a.khWë]‘mind’b[o.xu][o.khu]‘read!’c[Ka.Ra.xoë][kha.Ra.khoë]‘patrol’d[Ko.xaR][kho.khaR˚]‘it smells’(4)a[ax.Sam][ak.Sam]‘evening’b[thox.max][thok.makh]‘horn’c[sWx.thW][sWk.thW]‘it bothered’d[o.ëux.ëu][o.ëuk.ëu]‘with gutters’(5)a[ja.SæR.dikffh][ja.SaR.dWkh]‘we would live’b[døkffh][døkffh]‘pour!’c[y.zykffh][jy.zykffh]‘ring’d[i.nekffh][i.nekffh]‘cow’(6)a[kffhøR.phi][khøp.Ry]‘bridge’b[kffhe.nef][kffhe.nef]‘toilet’c[kffhiR.phid][kffhib.Rith]‘matchstick’d[kffhy.tShykffh][kffhy.tShykffh]‘small’(7)a[i.kffhi][i.kffhi]‘two’b[ma.kffhes][ma.khas]‘scissors’c[o.kffhyz][ø.kffhyz]‘ox’(5)a[ekff.sæ][ek.sE]‘if she sowed’b[dikff.mæ][dikff.mE]‘do not erect!’c[døkff.thWx][døkff.thykffh]‘we spilled’Full stops (.) indicate syllable boundaries.5 of 6

Name:BilabialLabio-dentalDentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarGlottalOral stopsbdÍgphthchkhAffricatesÃÙhFricativesfvszSZhNasalsmnTapsRCentralapprox.LateralLëapprox.GlidesjFigure 1: Phonemic chart of consonantal sounds in TurkishiyWueoeoahighmidmid-lowlowfrontcentralbackFigure 2: Phonemic short vowels in Turkish6 of 6