2023 nobel
.pdf
School
Yonsei University**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
BIOLOGY 123A
Subject
Biology
Date
Dec 26, 2024
Pages
4
Uploaded by DeanStorkMaster1235
Problem Set 1)Which of the following is true about traditional vaccines? a) They stimulate the immune system using viral components such as RNA. b) They rely on killed or weakened viruses to produce an immune response. c) They cannot be used against viruses like polio and measles. d) They are completely independent of cell culture methods. 2)What is the main advantage of mRNA vaccines compared to traditional vaccines? a) They do not require a delivery system. b) They stimulate an immune response without generating proteins. c) They do not rely on cell culture for production. d) They produce long-term immunity without booster doses. 3)What key development in the 1980s accelerated mRNA vaccine research? a) Discovery of transcription factors. b) In vitro transcription methods for mRNA production. c) Discovery of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. d) Identification of lipid nanoparticles. 4)What was one major challenge associated with in vitro transcribed mRNA? a) It degraded DNA during delivery. b) It triggered inflammatory immune responses. c) It was incapable of producing proteins. d) It was too stable to be delivered effectively. 5)What property of mammalian cell mRNA distinguishes it from in vitro transcribed mRNA? a) Mammalian cell mRNA lacks nucleoside base modifications. b) Mammalian cell mRNA is chemically unaltered. c) Mammalian cell mRNA contains chemically modified nucleoside bases. d) Mammalian cell mRNA cannot trigger protein production. 6)What discovery by Karikó and Weissman helped reduce the inflammatory responses of in vitro transcribed mRNA? a) Use of viral proteins to stabilize mRNA. b) Incorporation of pseudouridine and other base modifications. c) Replacement of RNA with DNA in vaccines. d) Use of a plasmid-based delivery system.
7)Which cells are activated when they recognize in vitro transcribed mRNA as foreign? a) T cells b) B cells c) Dendritic cells d) Natural killer cells 8)What role do lipid nanoparticles play in mRNA vaccines? a) They enhance immune response by stimulating dendritic cells. b) They encapsulate mRNA to improve stability and delivery. c) They serve as antigens to stimulate antibody production. d) They suppress inflammatory responses in cells. 9)How does nucleoside base modification in mRNA affect protein production? a) It prevents protein production altogether. b) It reduces protein production by blocking translation. c) It increases protein production by reducing enzyme activation. d) It does not impact protein production. 10)What major breakthrough in mRNA vaccine research was published in 2005? a) Discovery of RNA interference. b) Development of nucleoside base modifications to reduce inflammation. c) Identification of SARS-CoV-2 surface proteins. d) First clinical trial of mRNA vaccines. 11)Which infectious diseases were targeted by mRNA vaccines before the COVID-19 pandemic? a) Measles and polio b) Zika virus and MERS-CoV c) Influenza and hepatitis B d) Ebola and yellow fever 12)How effective were the mRNA vaccines developed for COVID-19 in early clinical trials? a) 50% b) 70% c) 95% d) 100%
13)What did the discovery of base modifications in mRNA vaccines achieve? a) Enhanced inflammatory responses in immune cells. b) Eliminated the need for lipid nanoparticle systems. c) Allowed for rapid vaccine development during pandemics. d) Completely blocked mRNA degradation in the body. 14)Approximately how many COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered globally as of the press release? a) 5 billion b) 10 billion c) 13 billion d) 20 billion 15)What is the primary purpose of pseudouridine in mRNA vaccines? a) To inhibit the transcription of viral genes. b) To block inflammatory immune responses. c) To degrade competing mRNA molecules. d) To prevent the synthesis of viral proteins. 16)Which viral protein is typically encoded in mRNA vaccines for COVID-19? a) Polymerase enzyme b) Spike protein c) Nucleocapsid protein d) Matrix protein 17)What key advantage makes mRNA vaccines suitable for future applications beyond infectious diseases? a) Their ability to produce any therapeutic protein rapidly. b) Their complete independence from cell biology. c) Their ability to self-replicate without degradation. d) Their capacity to prevent all immune reactions. 18)Which of the following diseases could be addressed using mRNA technology in the future? a) Cardiovascular diseases only b) Cancer and certain infections c) Neurological disorders exclusively d) Viral infections but not cancer
19)What did Karikó and Weissman initially struggle with in their research? a) Lack of funding and skepticism about mRNA's therapeutic potential. b) Difficulty in identifying viral targets for mRNA vaccines. c) Failure to synthesize in vitro mRNA. d) Issues with animal model studies. 20)How did mRNA vaccines impact the COVID-19 pandemic? a) They were rejected due to inefficacy. b) They saved millions of lives and prevented severe disease. c) They were ineffective against new variants. d) They required continuous refrigeration, making them impractical. Answers 1.b 2.c 3.b 4.b 5.c 6.b 7.c 8.b 9.c 10.b 11.b 12.c 13.c 14.c 15.b 16.b 17.a 18.b 19.a 20.b