Muscular Anatomy and Physiology
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School
University of Maryland Global Campus (UMGC)**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
BIOL 202
Subject
Anatomy
Date
Jan 1, 2025
Pages
11
Uploaded by ChancellorBoulder15963
Running head: [SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 1Muscular Anatomy and PhysiologyDr. SepeBOIL 201 Anatomy and PhysiologyIntroductionFor this assignment, I chose the muscular system because me being an active person I’ve always been fascinated with the muscular system. I played a lot of different sports such as basketball, football, baseball and I loved to run. As a kid it always made me wonder how our muscles made us faster, stronger, and with injuries how they recovered especially for me I wouldcramp up sometimes during football or runs or get sprains on my ankles and knees. So, for me working out and trying to build a stronger body from my surgery for example since I haven’t been able to run for last couple of months now, I need to build on my hamstrings and quadriceps to help me build speed and effectiveness for the Navy’s physical readiness test coming up in October. Also just daily activities constantly using the muscular system even in the navy by lifting items and ensuring using the right method for injuries especially items or objects over 45-50 pounds not using the proper technique could result in injury and even just having proper
[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 2posture it just made sense to choose the muscular system to not only talk about the muscular system but to educate myself more which will lead me back to knowing how my muscles function but to help prevent injuries as well as evidence based perspectives as researchers have demonstrated the significance of using proper muscle movements like Electromyography. EMG measures the electrical activity of the muscle during rest, slight contraction and forceful contraction. Muscles tissue does not normally produce electrical signals during rest but when an electrode is inserted a brief period of activity can be seen on the oscilloscope and after that no signal should be present. For example, by lifting or bending your leg the action that is created on the oscilloscope provides information about the ability of the muscle to respond when the nerves are stimulated. As the muscle is contracted more forcefully, more and more muscle fibers are activated, producing action potentials. Now that I rationalized the muscular system let me tell you the anatomy and physiology and how everything works.
[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 3Muscular Anatomy and PhysiologyThe Muscular systems’ anatomy is linked in so many ways when it comes to structure of the muscles and its functions with the specific structures, by exploring how they pair from each other I will explain how the different components work together to help make movement from the body, maintain and supporting bodily functions, and how they work together to maintain homeostasis.Muscular Organ System in Anatomical TerminologyWhen discussing the structure of anatomical terminology, it is important that the muscular system is composed of 3 types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, cardiac. When talking about the skeletal muscles they are primarily purpose is for movement and posture. Smooth muscles can be in the walls of internal organs like in the blood vessels and intestines. The cardiac muscle which would be in the heart is pretty much responsible for keeping its organism alive by pumping blood throughout the body. It’s also important to refer all positions, planes, directions, regions, and cavities so for example ill be describing the muscular structure of the body and heart. The main function of the muscular system is to produce movement of the body and the function of the muscles producing heat. Muscle tissue is one of the most metabolically active tissues in the body which is approximately 85 percent of the heat produced in the body. When in the structure of skeletal muscles, they are composed of cells which are called myocytes (muscle fibers) and they are specialized cells whose main feature is the ability to contract.They are elongated, cylindrical, multinucleated cells bounded by a cell membrane called sarcolemma. The cytoplasm of skeletal muscle fibers (sarcoplasm) contains contractile proteins called actin and myosin. These proteins are arranged into patterns, forming the units of contractile micro-apparatus called sarcomeres. The hearts position is in the Thoracic Cavity,
[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 4which is in the middle of the chest, between the 2 pleural cavities(lungs) which is more of the left part of the midline by the Sternum. Which makes the heart superior to the diaphragm and anterior to the esophagus and medial to the lungs. For the Directions and Planesviewed for the heart in the frontal plane the heart is in thoracic cavity which the apex is inferiorly and slightly tothe left. In the Traverse plane the heart is seen in the right atrium and right ventricle positioned more anteriorly while the other position in the left atrium and ventricle is posteriorly. Lastly, in the sagittal plane on the left side of the heart lateral to the midline while the right is closer to the midline in the sagittal plane. When going into the Cavities and Regions of the heart it is to know the heart is divided into four chambers which are the right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle, and left atrium and are separated in the interatrial septum as well as interventricular septum. The heart is in the thoracic cavity but also is surrounded by the pericardial cavity which has small amount of serous fluid that makes the heart have reduced friction when it comes to beating. In the pericardial it has 2 layers the serous pericardium which is the inner layer and the fibrous pericardium in the outer layer. Also, in the serous pericardium divides into the visceral layers which is known as the hearts wall and the parietal layer. So, with the heart wall having of composed of 3 muscular layers Maintaining HomeostasisWith the muscular system it plays a big role when it comes down to maintaining homeostasis like movement of the body and the controlling of the body temperature. Muscles generate heat as a byproduct of contraction which is very important and vital when keeping the core body temperature where it needs to be. For example when your body is cold from being outside or going out to swim and you get out your bodies temperature is going out of Wack from
[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 5the sudden change of temperature from hot too cold to hot again, so when you start to shiver thenyour body involutories to contraction of the skeletal muscles to which then your body starts to generate heat and starts to maintain its homeostasis. For the blood vessels walls that regulate blood flow by the smooth muscles they contract to keep the blood pressure at a maintained pace and gives out blood to essential organs to the body. Then for vasodilation and vasoconstriction are very critical for ensuring that oxygen and nutrients go to the body’s tissues especially during any physical activity or with any changes in external conditions.SummaryThe human anatomy and physiology are a very complex and unique place to really understand and know what’s going on and for especially the muscular system’s complexity and its so many different structures, functions and the ability to interact with many different other systems in the body to maintain homeostasis. The Anatomy and Physiology terminology is very important and essential because got to be accurate on what is going on and especially in clinical where real world situations happen and need to know and react quickly. By understanding of the functions of the muscular system and guides for muscle related conditions. The interrelationship with the muscles and its structures and functions highlights and shows how much adaptive the muscular system can be to different scenarios and situations from demands in the body and how it can help your bodies homeostasis and overall body in general.
[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 6ReferencesJohn Hopkins Medicine (Electromyography) https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/electromyography-emg#:~:text=EMG%20measures%20the%20electrical%20activity,no%20signal%20should%20be%20present.Fuchs FD. Vascular effects of alcoholic beverages: is it only alcohol that matters? (https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.hyp.0000164627.01274.ec)Hypertension. 2005 May 1;45(5):851-2. Accessed 6/23/2022.Kemp SF, Lockey RF, Simons FE; World Allergy Organization ad hoc Committee on Epinephrine in Anaphylaxis. Epinephrine: the drug of choice for anaphylaxis-a statement of the world allergy organization (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18691308/). World Allergy Organ J. 2008;1(7 Suppl): S18-S26. Accessed 6/23/2022.National Center for Biotechnology Information, StatPearls. Hypotension (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499961/). Accessed 6/23/2022.National Center for Biotechnology Information, StatPearls. Physiology, Vasodilation (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557562/). Accessed 6/23/2022.Sweazea KL, Johnston CS, Miller B, et al. Nitrate-Rich Fruit and Vegetable Supplement Reduces Blood Pressure in Normotensive Healthy Young Males without Significantly Altering Flow-Mediated Vasodilation: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Controlled Trial (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165613/). J Nutr Metab. 2018 Sep16:1729653. Accessed 6/23/2022.
[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 7U.S. National Library of Medicine. Shock (https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000039.htm). Accessed 6/23/2022.Goodwin University (Muscular Sysyem: Homeostasis in the Muscular System) Updated 26 April, 2023Antonio Musarò(Muscle Homeostasis and Regeneration: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities) 2020 Sep 4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7563331/The Texas Heart Institute (https://www.texasheart.org/heart-health/heart-information-center/topics/heart-anatomy/) Gordana Sendić, MD , Jana Vasković, MDMusculoskeletal system https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-musculoskeletal-system 2023 NOV 03Cleveland Clinic, Thoracic Cavity https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24748-thoracic-cavityCarter BW. International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group Model of Mediastinal Compartments (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33551077/). RadiolClin North Am. 2021;59(2):149-153. Accessed 2/20/2023.Nason KS, Ganim RB, Luketich JD. Chest Wall, Lung, Mediastinum, and Pleura. In: Brunicardi F, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, et al., eds. Schwartz's Principles of Surgery, 11e. McGraw Hill; 2019.Radiopaedia. Superior Thoracic Aperture (https://radiopaedia.org/articles/superior-thoracic-aperture?lang=us). Accessed 2/20/2023.Radiopaedia. Sympathetic Nervous System (https://radiopaedia.org/articles/sympathetic-nervous-system-1?lang=us). Accessed 2/20/2023.
[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 8The Respiratory System. In: Mescher AL, eds. Junqueira's Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 16e. McGraw Hill; 2021.U.S. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. Thymus (https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/lymphatic/components/thymus.html). Accessed 2/20/2023.U.S. National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. Anatomy, Mediastinum (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539819/). Accessed 2/20/2023.U.S. National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. Anatomy, Thorax (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557710/). Accessed 2/20/2023.
[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 9FiguresFigure 1: Inside the muscle fibers and where everything is located.Figure 2: The 3 Different Types of Muscle Cellsby Unknown Author is licensed under by Unknown Author is licensed under
[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 10Figure 3: The Thoracic Cavity is where the heart is located.
[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 11Figure 4: Example of Anatomical Positions