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Unit 1: Japanese and Italian ExpansionismWhat were the origins of Japanese nationalism and militarism?Military state - the military has more power than government officialsNationalism - When the people of a country strongly support the interests of their nation, possibly to the detriment of the interests of other nationsMilitarism - when a government or the people of a country believe that it is necessary to have a strong military to both defend and promote their country's interests.1853 American ship first landed in Japan and offered trade. Japan declined and was afraid of the advanced and modern American shipChina was 30 times as big as japanMore competent leaderFirst victory over a foreign countryShows japanese being dominant and showing the surrender of the sino-japanese warShows westernization of japanRusso-Japanese War (1904) & Effects of WW1 on JapanHow did international events contribute to the growth of nationalism and militarism in Japan?Triple intervention - Russia, Britain, GermanRussia wanted to expand in 1897. They created a railway line in Manchuria. By 1903, russians are in China and it threatens Japan. Japan stopped relations with russia and it severed. Feb 1904, Japan declared war. Port Arthur fell in 1905. Japan had a better navy (UK resources), in May 1905 there was a naval war and Japan war. Korea was fully annexed by Japan in 1910 with no diplomatic issues.What made Japan successful in this war?Modernized, alliance with Britain, Japan was ready, Russia didn't expect Japan to declare war, and Britain closed off the Suez Canal (they had to take the South African route).Anglo-Japanese military alliance (1902)Britain needed an enemy of Russia in Asia, Japan needed an enemy of Russia in Europe.Result of war: Treaty of Portsmouth (Sept 5th, 1905)
Korea was in Japan's sphere of influence, fully annexed by 1910. Manchuria railway was under the control of Japan. They fully seized Taiwan.Q1:Financial strainOver 100,000 casualtiesThe economy stretched to the limitPolitical awareness was greatly increasedTaisho Era - Emperor Taisho. “Era of Great Righteousness”LON 4 main countries - UK, France, Japan, ItalyGermany was alone, so Japan demanded German territories in China in 1914.Japan issued 21 demands to China during WW1 when Europe was busy with the war. Approvedand modified to be less harsh.Limitation - hiding/skipping details and hiding other ones.Prompts:Origin of the source is valuable because …Purpose makes it valuable because …Content is focused on …A limitation of the origin is …A limitation of the purpose is …The content of this source makes it less valuable because …Source A:The origin of the source is valuable because it tells us that this person experienced the Sino-Japanese and was a teenager at the start of it. Purpose makes it valuable because it shows the depth of the victory over Pyongyang, and how it was a significant event in Japanese history. The content is focused on the victory over Pyongyang, which was deemed “beyond imagination”due to China’s massive territorial size and population. A limitation of the origin is that the Japanese journalist may have exaggerated the events and could've created a biased report, as he’s Japanese. Additionally, the author doesn't include any external perspectives to this victory. The purpose is to make it look like the Japanese had won a war that was impossible to win and make Japan look as powerful as possible. The content of this source makes it less valuable because it could hold biased views and was written by a novelist in 1931, so the accuracy of thedetails may be questionable.
Effects of WW1 on JapanHow peaceful was Japan in the 1920s?This cartoon suggests:1.Europe plotting the takeover of China (France, UK, etc having a knife and putting it over the word “China” without China’s opinion)2.Showing the righteousness of Japan as he’s not aggressive. He’s thinking and and does not have a knife.Internationalism - having good relationship with every countryJapan tried to:Keep good relations with the USASeek economic advancement in China (within an international agreement)Washington Conference of 1921 -The Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, was a significant international agreement to prevent a naval arms race after World War I. Key points include:●Signatories: United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy●Set limits on the number and size of capital ships (battleships and battle cruisers) for each nation●Established a ratio of capital ship tonnage for Britain, US, Japan, France, and Italy respectively●Prohibited the fortification of certain Pacific possessions●Aimed to maintain the balance of naval power and reduce the financial burden of naval armamentsIn 1930, Japan slowly went towards a military dictatorship. Because:Fragile democracyOpposition to internationalismGrowing influence of the military on foreign policyGrowing economic crisisPolitical instability in ChinaJapanese expansion in South-East Asia (1931-1941)How did nationalism and militarism impact Japan’s foreign policy in the 1930s?Why did Japan get involved in the war with the USA?
18th September 1931 - The Manchurian Crisis:●Japanese soldiers blew up a section of the Manchuria railway●Japan has controlled the `Manchuria Railway since the Russo-japan war●Kwantung army Japanese (who were looking after the railway) troops exploded a small amount of dynamite. This was an excuse for war, and they blamed it on Chinese rebels.●The Japanese Kwantung army started an invasion.●Chinese called the LoN, which urged the withdrawal of Japanese troops. Japan ignored.Why was Manchuria so important for Japan?●Economical benefit. Raw materials: coal, iron, timber●Important geopolitical location, easy access to invade Russia and China. Gives security●Living space for Japan’s population●Four times larger than Japan●Market: help withstand the impact of global depressionCause of Japanese expansion:●Japan modernized and achieved equality with the West●Success in the war with China & Russia gave a boost to Japan's position (military & economic) and boosted the nationalism and morale of the population●The militarist and nationalist thoughts encouraged the expansionist policy●Lack of natural sources●The existence of political instability in China (advantage)Why did LON take a year to respond to the Manchurian crisis?●Distracted with the Great Depression●Japan was a leading nationMini Essay structureThesis statement●Body paragraph: PEELPoint - arguments (discussed in thesis statement)Evidence - “use source” (2-3 words in a source)Explanation - your knowledgeLink - back to the question1.thesis statement (2 main arguments)2.2 body paragraphs (explain 1 and 2 point) USE PEEL3.conclusionSource C analysis
2nd QuestionIn the following source there is an extract of a text from the book Hirohito and thee Making of Modern Japan. This source was written by a specialist in Japanese history, although he is an American. This means that he didn't have first-hand experience. This was published many yearsafter the Manchurian crisis, so we can evaluate the hindsight and see new perspectives on the event. The purpose is for the understanding of hirohitos role in modern japan and some interesting insights for the internal politics of japan at the time. With te style of the text and language it seems like an objective approach to the event. The focus of the title and the content is on hirohito and the politics of japan, so the book may not fully address the social and economic factors that were insignificant in Hirohitos life.HOMEWORK:Question 1:Weakness of the government, the diffuseness of decision-making power, the general confusion and uncertainty attending both the domestic and foreign turmoilQuestion 2:Too many Chinese forces in Manchuria. Being outnumberedNot having proper authorization and power over the militaryQuestion 3:Both Source A and Source B highlight the weakness of the Japanese government and its lack ofcontrol over the military as key factors in the Kwantung Army's seizure of Manchuria. Source A presents a general overview, while Source B offers a more personal account of the challenges faced by the prime minister. Both sources emphasize the government's inability to effectively restrain the military's actions, which ultimately led to the occupation of Manchuria.Political crisis and the growing influence of the militaryHow did the Japanese domestic issues impact on government? (”The Dark Valley”)Two divisions in the Japanese army:Radical: Koda-ha●A military dictatorship with the emperor●USSR = Enemy●The spiritual training of the army (increase salary, increase their importance, etc.)Moderate: Tosei-ha●Want control without the influence of emperor/government (but legally)●USSR = good relations●Modernization of the army (improve equipment, strategies, etc.)
Both of them wanted imperialism and militarism1941 - General Toji became the prime minister. Tosei-ha won the campaign because Koda-ha was violent and very radical.General Toji planned an attack on the American Pearl HarbourAnti-Comintern pact (1936) - November 25th:What was the significance of the anti-Comintern pact for both countries?●An agreement between Germany and Japan●Anti-communist alliance suggested in 1935●Summer 1936, Japan's military became a more dominant force●Mussolini joining Japan and Germany created the Axis Powers●Against the soviet union●Wouldn't make any political treaties with the USSR●Hitler signed the Nazi-Soviet pact in 1939 which pissed Japan off, but relations stayed good.Impacts of the Manchurian crisis on Japan1.self defense2.control of north china and inner mongolia3.international conflict (truism)1868, dominance in asia, Germany took chinese colonies from japan and japan took it backThe Second Sino-Japanese War (1937)How did the second Sino-Japanese war of 1937 intensify tensions in Asia?Japanese soldiers killed a lot people and raped over 300k womenChinese soldiers decided to fight till the endThis war dragged Japan into WW2Analyzing source:●talking about how the japanese military led the Japanese industry and political into a war●talks about how Japan was drowning and ultimately going down because of this war●depicts japan trying to chase a “butterfly” (could be the idea of expanding in this case) and forcibly dragging the industry and politics down with it while doing so●leading power is the military mean as he is leading the other two menThe Second Sino-Japanese War (1937)How did Japan diplomatically realign and what was the Tripartite Pact?
Japan had been fighting China since 1937 because they wanted expansion and resources. The USA and other countries didn't condemn it. Japan thought these disagreements were threatening Japan. sought allies and found Germany and Italy. Japan thought it had to fight the West before it became a puppet. They tried to fight America to delay the USA aiding China. USSR was a potential threat to influence in China. USSR and Japan signed a non-aggression pact.Japan was concerned with Germany and its rising power and would take over countries from which Japan took resources. Japan needed backing and signed COECTS with GermanyJapan's reasons for joining the Axis Powers:●protection against war in China●opposition against Anglo-American pacts and wanted strong allies against this●making sure their resources don't get taken away●The West was trying to become economically dominant in the worldTripartite Pact:●Signed between Germany Japan and Italy●Was a defensive pact●3 countries with dictatorships (japan was the only military dictatorship)The god of war is symbolizing the amount of awards that have been going on. We can see this through the masks that are present in this drawing, which are labeled after countries that were involved in wars. The world can be seen terrified, while the god of war is laughing. He has a gasmask around his neck to symbolize that the many conflicts during that period were starting to take advantage of chemical attacks.Activity1.recognizes and respects their leadership in Europe only. join technical commissions. cooperating in their efforts.2.military aid from the European powers. aiding if anyone attacks Japan. cooperating on their efforts on aforesaid lines.3.Germany and Italy accept the new order of Japan in Asia.The Pearl Harbor Attack (1937)Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor in December 1941?Until the great depression, japan was a mighty country. The economic crisis put a stop to that. Military leaders who became the most powerful in the country attacked Manchuria for good offensive reasons since they couldn't get resources. The USA wanted nothing to do with the war, so it denounced Japanese aggression. When Japan attacked Nanjing, they attacked an American boat. a lot of disturbing things were being revealed about Japan, so the USA sanctioned metal and aircraft for Japan. they hoped this would stop the japanese invasion. Japan didn't stop, invading colonies and joining the Axis powers. They were controlled with a deep sense of nationalism, and Franklin Roosevelt announced an oil embargo on Japan. this disaster for Japan would put the military at a standstill. Japan resented the USA, so the only solution was a total war for them. This is why Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.
At first, it seemed like a win for the Japanese, because of the high casualties. after this, the USAdeclares war on Japan. Japan would realize this mistake. After 6 months, in the battle of Midway, the USA would win against the “Mighty Japanese”.Japan thought that attacking the USA and weakening them for a bit of time, would win them time to conquer southeast Asia.A Japanese soldier is spying on an American navy person. He sees the dogs guarding America and believes that they're not dangerous, and might even be fake threats. the dogs could represent the weapons of America.Reasons for Pearl Harbor attack:●Low recourses (after 2 years the gone)●Didn’t want to pull the military out of China●No alternative way to get resources●Japan got offended because the West was trying to destroy their rightful place in the world●The USA imposed an oil embargo.Why couldn't the japanese army stop?●Because the army morale would go down by a lot●All their efforts in China would be lostHW:Mini essayThesis statement - all arguments2 body paragraphs, minimum reference 1 sourceconclusionLeague of Nations (1920)How did the League respond to the invasion of Manchuria?The Japanese soldier is walking over the LON back to its headquarters while the UK is trying to cover it up with makeup to try and hide the fact that Japan had withdrawn from the LON and left them in shambles (makeup trying to cover up their mistakes and weaknesses). It is walking into a different building while using LON as the doormat because of the league's incapability to do anything necessary about the Manchuria crisis, giving Japan a power advantage.3 aims of the Washington system:willingness to cooperatestability & peace
assisting chinas gradual transformationwas a system that determined the powers’ willingness to cooperate and assist China's gradual transformationsso the league of nations is sitting on the moral authority chair which implies that the LON was the moral authority in this situation. she is reading the international law, and has the covenant and Kellogg pacct on her table. While she is sitting down and reading this, the Japanese war party is cutting down the legs of her chair. This illustrates that the LON did not want to stand up to japan (in a literal sense, as the woman is sitting on a chair) and japan is slowly but sneakily tweaking itWhat were the reasons why Britain failed to take any further action against Japan?●US support was necessary, but not available●Japanese was not that much of a danger●Royal Navy wasn't strong enough to enforce a trade embargo●The USA would not support league actions, and the USA was japans biggest trade partner. Without their support, no effective action could be taken.ESQ:Examine reasons for Japanese ExpansionsHW: Find reasonsDebate topic: japanese expansionism is caused by more nationalistic feelings rather than economic needs. to what extend do you agree with this statementWhy did the US change its policy towards Japan?What was the US response to the attack on Pearl Harbor?Adjectives in his speechtone of voicevaluehe has a very serious tone, critiquing the disruption of peace while providing details in his speech. details include the severe damages and talks about the dangeradjectives - negative, urges all defenses. talks about how this will be remembered as a n onslaught against America. considers this an invasion/treachery and has nationalistic charactersbuild into his speech. he uses “we”, includes the entirety of America in his speech. promises to never let this happen again. describes the Japanese attack with the most severe and low adjectives while describing the ameircans as mighty and having unwavering determinationvalue is important because it shows us the American perspective of this attack.Why did US pursue isolation policy after WW1?
●economic (great depression, resources etc)●losses of WW1 were very ehavy●trade with japan started, they had a good relationship●US interest and security was not directly affected, so why do they need to go to war if it doesn't affect them?●Stimson non-recognition doctrine - secretary stimson issued this. it said that US will not recognize any treaty or agreement between japan and china that violated US rights. they'll act liekt hey don't recognize any bad tensions and they will keep neutrality.●no credible naval forces to back up threatsMessage of source by David Low “Silence”:the LON could not promote world peace after WW1 and the rock is cracked because of Japanese invasion of Manchuria and UK and USA are sitting in opposite directions. these two nations did not do anything about the Japanese invasion, so they're sitting in silence and just watching the war happen in the background.Why did us change its policy towards japan? Because in 1937 US interests in china were threatened by Japanese expansion.Japan was creating new order in Asia. America cant accept this bc of American interests in asia.power balance in the world. America had to change their own attitudes to try and keep the balance. US was against USSR; there was a civil war between commuinists and nationalists china. USSR and china were gonna come together to collaborate bc japan attacked them (chinawanted another ally against japan).Britain suggested negotiations for the china japanese war but US refused due to the Neutrality acts and isolation policy. An accident that happened was japan destroying American ships accidentally, but US accepted an apology and compensation. Population was also against war and wanted isolation.The US response to japan after 1938.●In 1939, USA condemned Japanese acts●credit to japan stopped●trade was suspended●trade embargo on metal and aviation●started financial aid to china●started supporting air force of chinese●US froze all Japanese assets●US imposed an embargo on oil●Trade embargo was imposed. (nov 1941)●Pearl harbor attack (dec. 1941)impact of USA’s moral force response to Japanese aggression●exacerbated nationalist feelings (made japan even worse)●didn't advance American interests●no practical help to chinaOPVL
Mini essay:1.Point: Japan justified its invasion of Manchuria as self-defense, using the Mukden Incident as an excuse.Evidence: On September 18, 1931, Japan staged an explosion on the South Manchurian Railway and blamed Chinese troops, claiming it was an attack on their security.Explanation: The incident was staged to justify the invasion but was framed as a defensive act to protect Japan’s interests in Manchuria.Link: This allowed Japan to mask its imperial ambitions as national security.2.Point: A major reason for Japan’s invasion was the economic benefits, especially natural resources.Evidence: Manchuria had rich coal and iron resources, essential for Japan’s industrial growth.Explanation: Controlling Manchuria’s resources helped Japan’s economy and supported its industrial expansion during the global depression.Link: Economic motives, particularly resource acquisition, played a key role in Japan’s invasion decision.Reasons for Japanese expansion -1.raw materials2.nationalistic ideologies, cultural superiority3.market - great depression4.desire for powerWhat is Fascism?What factors contributed to Mussolini’s rise to power?5 characteristics of Fascism:●dictatorial leader●forcible suppression●oppression●subordination of individual interest●strong regimentation of society and economy●war is displayed as something good●imperialism, war = national rejuvenation●totalitarian state●extreme authoritarianism + nationalism●racial purity (possibly)●economic self-sufficiency
Feedback on formative 2:Synthesis skills are weak, must be more effectivereason: explain why, more abstracthow to match/link source with own knowledge:●brainstorm, write all the arguments●look at sources, look at what sources tell about your arguments●if a source matches your argument, you can use the source as evidenceThe effects of WW1 on ItalyWhat was the impact of WW1 on Italy, 1915-18?1861 - Italy united1870 - Rome pope (vatican) also joined the unificationAlthough Italy united, it was still divided inside. This is known as regionalism.North was industrialized and developed, South was poor and lived in poverty1870-1923: Italy had a liberal government.1907: Entente alliance - United Kingdom, France, and Russia1882: Central Power/Triple alliance - Germany, Austria-Hungary, and ItalyIn WW1, Socialists communists and catholics didnt wanna join the war.These groups wanted to join the war:Interventionist - a foreign policy approach that involves a nation intervening in the affairs of another country, often through military, political, or economic means.Futurist - someone who supported a movement that celebrated speed, technology, and modernity, while rejecting traditional values. They were also pro-war, seeing it as a way to create a new, powerful Italy.London Treaty (1915):Entente alliance told Italy that they would get territories if they joined the alliance. This leads Italy to join the alliance and the war. They declare war on Austria-HungaryMuessolini was a part of the socialist party who didnt want the war. However, he changed his mind (he wanted war). Because of this, he was expelled from the party. After this, he became a journalist and started writing about the war.
Italy had alot of damage and casualties bc of WW1. They blamed the liberal government of Italy for this loss and damage.EFFECTS OF WW1:●Economic - inflation, unemployment (2 million), unrest, parties started demanding for their rights●Social - worker strikes, riots, attempts to take over land in the south.●Political - blame for liberal government, war showed weaknesses of liberal government. people started voting more for left wing partiesLand owners didnt want bolsheviks (communists) to take control because theyd have to give up their private properties and share all their lands and properties with others for equality. They would lose their businesses. Thats why alot of people supported Muessolini because he was against communism.Mutilated victory - Italy won the war, however didnt get promised lands that were promised by the London Treaty. Many writers and poets started writing books and started dramatizing the situation. Their victory was “damaged” by the allies. They blamed the liberal government over this againSource analysis: Impact of WW1 on Italy:1.more divided2.patriotism and greed for power3.transformed economy4.too much chaos and blaming; one government couldnt rule everyoneValues of:Origin- Was written a few decades after the event (better hindsight), so they had time to reflect and really evaluate the event. He specialises in Italian Historian, and this is an extract fro man academi cbook which means that the origin is very educational and trustable.Purpose- Educate others on the event with an obejctive viewContent- Talks about the attempt and event of D’Annunzio trying to take over Fiume by himself. Shows a balanced argument, isnt biased or subjective toeards Italy or against italy. Shows a bit of the Italian perspective on the eventLimitations of:Origin- He was not there, he didnt have first-hand experience, he is not an italian.Purpose-Content-british historian, 1997, specialises IN italian history, academic bookRise of Mussolini in Italy
How did Mussolini rise to power and consolidate it?Identify which factors helped Mussolini rise to power?●Black shirts●Weaknesses of liberal government●He had an “army”●King Emmanuel Victor resigned, gave direct power to Mussolini●Influence, confidence, intimidating, orator skillsCharacteristics of Mussolini:●simple solutions to complex problems●appealing to a VERY wide audience●loved rallies●body language, facial expression, language to appeal further●promises, italy would be unified, modern, greatWhat factors helped him rise to power?●Exploited disillusionment after WW1 by presenting Fascism as a movement that could restore Italy’s greatness●Ineffectiveness and fragmentation of the liberal government created a power vacuum that Mussolini could exploit●Mussolini promised to restore economic stability by ending strikes and labor unrest●Fear of a socialist or communist revolution drove italians to support Mussolini as he was against these●Use of violence, he intimidated his political opponents●March on rome was a key event to Mussolinis rise to powerHow did Mussolini consolidate his power●Accerbo Law (1923) - If one party won at least 25% of the vote in an eelction, they wouldautomatically receive two-thirds of the seats●Matteotti Crisis - He was socialist leader who started his speech with completely criticising fascism. After 2 weeks, he was assasinated. After seeing this, many political opponents stood down and Mussolini’s opponents just left by themselves.●Facists, after a campaign of intimidation and violence, they were able to increase their representation from 7% to 66% in the parliament●Law on powers of head of government (1925) gave Mussolini power●Creation of OVRA (basically italian gestapo) was a secret police force to monitor and suppress political dissent●Suppression of opposition parties and establish a one-party Fascist state●Banned labor unions●Introduction of censorship and strict control over public gatherings●Control of the Italin press, newspapers, radio broadcasts, and other media outlets published only Pro-Fascist content●Cult of personality - Mussolini cultivated an image of himself as a strong, decisive leader who was revitalizing Italy. He was “God-like”.Source skills:
●Hiter tried to impose his ideologies onto the german population, he developed a big ideology which he turned into a reality with the german people. Hitler planned everythingbeforehand.●Mussolini did not try to do that, there were always some special loyalties or values in Italy that Mussolini could not overtake with his ideologies, he had to keep them as thats what made Italy “Italy”. There were too many competitive claims going on in Italy, and hedidnt try to overtake it. Mussolini did not plan aheadMussolini’s foreign policyHow successful was Mussolini’s foreign policy in 1920s?Mussoli’s foreign policy:●only fascist●anti-democratic●oppositiin is repressed●had a good impression outside●he divided a united italy●ambition to restore the romamm empire●mussolini orders pacification policy●italian policy in libya - half of population of libya is wiped out by mussolinis army●he used: violence, concentration camps, utter exterminationFactors influencing Mussolini’s foreign policy:●fascist ideology●natuonalist views●economic resources●versailles settlemenet●international situation●earlier humiliationsMussolini’s economic policy:●Battle for the lira (1926) - revalue the italian currency. Made italian exports mroe expensive, leading to a decline in export competitiveness (damaged exports)●Corporate state and the policy of corporatism (1927-1939)●Battle for grain (1925) - stopped importing to become more self-sufficient (Mussolini’s idea was a self-sufficient autarky region) however this lead to a reduction in agricultural diversity. ONLY THIS ONE WAS SUCCESSFUL!!!!●Reclamation Law (1928) - tried to repurposed uncultivatable land however this didnt work because the soil was too salty and it took a lot of money to be able to make it work.this was financially inefficient bc the projects were very expensive, so this was ineffective.Mussolini developed a programme of action (1925):●to increase national pride●consolidate domestic support for the regime●revise the settlement of 1919-1920
●dominate the balkans●dominate the mediterranean●build an empire, expand into african territories●foster the spread of fascism in other countriesDifference between Mussolini foreign policy 1920 vs 19301920:●peaceful, cooperative because:1.he didnt have strong economic power2.didnt have enough social support, he just came to power3.still had some (foreign) rivals and opposition, needed to negotiate with them4.didnt have a strong military to deal with foreign opposition5.made albania dependent on italy1930:●aggressiveSource A:●this source depicts all the previous dictators inside a dottyville, a hospital for PTSD-suffering individuals. mussolini is outside of this, going crazy over war and trying to set the place on fire, suggesting that hes going into war and attemping to take over territories such as Africa. CRITIZING MUSSOLINI BC ITS A BRITISH ILLUSTRATION!!!!!!!!!!!!!Which approach did Mussolini use in his foreign policy?:●impulsive●inconsistent●erratic●valued prestige●hard to satisfy●perfectionist●show-off●excited about war●didnt think before acting●policy was ineffective, deadly, and conflictingItalian expansion 1933-1940What factors had an impact on Italy’s foreign policy in the 1930s?What does Mussolini’s speech promote?●nationalism●remembers history●emphasizes italian race as superior race●self-confidence for italians
●encourages warAfter 1930, there was a change in the diplomatic alignments in Europe:Axis powersAllied powersSocial skills:●He wanted to create a revolutionary foreign policy with his allies●To establish a strict new order where he himself is the supreme leaderChanging diplomatic alignments in Europe:●rome-berlin axis (oct 1936) - Alliance between Italy and Germany, solidifying their cooperation.●anti-comintern pact (nov 1937) - Agreement between Germany and Japan, later joined by Italy, against communism.●pact of steel (may 1939) - Military and political alliance between Italy and Germany, formalizing their partnership.●tripartite pact (sep 1940) - Pact between Germany, Italy, and Japan, creating the Axis Powers during World War II.Invasion of Abyssinia and its consequencesWhy did Mussolini invade Abyssinia in Oct 1935?Political:●to enhance italy's international prestige and challenge the LoN authority●restore italys reputation●strengthen mussolini’s domestic position●expansionist foreign policyEconomic:●to gain access to abyssinia's natural resources and establish new markets for italian goods. wanted to be self-sufficient●economic diversification●combat effects of great depressionIdeological:●to fulfill Mussolini's vision of re-creating roman empire again and spreading fascist influence●desire for autarkySocial:
●to unite italians behind a common cause, promised to lead italy to glory and keep his promises to satisfy his people●nationalismWhy did the LoN fail to take action against Italy in their invasion of Abyssinia?●afraid that italy would ally with germany●didnt wanna lose italy as an allySource:1.The cartoon illustrates the irony of how Mussolini completely disregards the entire League, while being one of the League's most influential, so influential that the League was planning to give Abyssinia to Italy without a war.2.The cartoon illustrates the UK and France giving Mussolini a warning regarding attempt at an unethical military invasion of Abyssinia. Depicts the UK and France as fools and criticizes them for relying on ineffective warnings rather than taking serious action.Source skills:Value:●Origin:●Purpose: The speech serves as a reminder of how the western allies treated italy with fake promises and led to them losing more than what they gained. He is trying to instill nationalistic feelings upon the population by trying to boost national pride and including the entire italian population and this shows us the exact feelings and thoughts that the Italian people had●Content: it provides exact numbers of the troops being dispatched, killed or injuredLimitation:●Origin:●Purpose: The speech is given by Mussolini, and it is extremely biased towards Italy. Thisdoesnt give us much hindsight.●Content: it focuses on motivating the crowd and probably doesn’t include every detail.Italian interference in the Spanish Civil War and its consequencesWhy did Italy intervene into the Spanish Civil War in 1936-1938?Why did allies support Nationalist in the war?●taking actions against “communist barbarism”●testing new equipment●spain could be a good ally for germany●economic - natural resources of spainMussolini’s motives
●To gain naval bases in the Balearic Islands from General Franco in return for his assistance●To re-establish the Mediterranean Roman Empire●Motivated by fascist ideology●Fight against liberal democracy and socialism.●Mussolini wanted to stop communism spreading in Spain●He intended to weaken France, as France had close links with the left Popular Front●It gave combat experience to Italian forces and show the power of armyThe consequence of the Spanish Civil War for Italy●The economic cost had been high●One third of Italy’s arms stocks were consumed by the war●Italian submarine attacks on supply ships led to increased tension between Italy and France and Britain.●Italy drew closer to Germany. (Roma-Berlin Axis alliance -1936)Social skills:Key factors that Italy and Germany have in common:●national socialism●fascism●same enemies●history●conceptions of life●same ideologies●same goals (economic autarky)●both believe that a country cannot be politically independent without being economically independent firstMessage of poster from 1937:●This is a poster made by the spanish people to encourage people to stand up against the italian invasion of spain. The poster has a big boot with soldiers and an italian flag, suggesting that italians are stepping on the spanish people and creating chaos and conflictWhy did Italy invade Albania in April 1939?Why did Italy want to invade Albania?Which factors played a big role in the foreign policy of Italy? Economic or Fascism?●emergence of roman empire●resources in albania●albanian army had a lot of italian membersPolitical, economic, ideological reasons why Italians wanted to invade Albania:●Political:
○Strengthen Italy's strategic position in the Balkans○Counter German influence in the region (especially after austrian overtake)●Economic:○Access to Albania's natural resources (oil, minerals)○Expand Italian economic influence○Wanted to be self-sufficient●Ideological:○Fulfill Mussolini's vision of a new Roman Empire○Spread Fascist ideology○Boost national prestige and moraleWhy did Italy invade Albania in April 1939?●Hitler’s invasions encouraged Mussolini to take actions●Albania had been for some time a satellite state of Italy since 1926●Pursue his ambition of dominating the Adriatic.●Intimidate Yugoslavia for further invasion●Threaten Britain with the loss of its naval bases in MediterraneanWhy did Italy join the war in June 1940?Despite having declared Italy non-belligerent, it was difficult for Mussolini to keep Italy out of the war for several reasons:●Not to join the war was something of an embarrassment for the Fascist leader; it was contrary to his Fascist doctrine and at odds with his portrayal of confident and decisive leadership as Il Duce.●Mussolini did not want Italy to become a lesser rank power by staying neutral; he did not want to be “another Switzerland.” In April 1940, he said: “To make a people great [the country] must be sent into battle”.●The war could give Mussolini the opportunity to radicalize the regime and to remove the influence of conservatives and the Church.●If Italy remained neutral and Germany won the war, Europe would be dominated by a Germany that would be hostile towards Italy because it had remained neutral.●The war could bring territorial gains and perhaps control over the Mediterranean.Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935-1936 and Albania 1939What was the international response to the Italian Invasion?LoN response to the Italian invasion:●leagues toughest crisis (hard to act against its own council member)●tried to keep italy on their side due to the increasing german power●effects of depression left uk and france navy powerless, didnt want to cause a war by taking action against mussolini●sanctioned “important resources” except oil, coal, the ACTUAL important resources necessary to sustain war●uk and france were planning against the leagues wishes and secretly planned to give 2/3rd of abyssinia to mussolini
●secret plan got exposed — uk and french prime minister were forced to resign due to outrage of public opinion towards the secret plan●italy invaded the entirety of abyssiniaSource skills:2 message of the cartoon:●on the throne of justice, abyssinia is being purposefully neglected and ignored; as if the international community doesnt recognize it and if they avoid recognizing it for long enough, it will disappear without them having to take any action against italy●theres a woman who represents justice, walking in without a blindfold (which means that she’s seeing the true things thats happening) on this event of theneglection of abyssinian invasion and she has a shocked facial expression; this suggests that this was an act of injustice and that justice is not being properly served where it belongs ⇒ abyssinian invasion deserves to be spoken about and given justice.Source skills:1st question b -What were the 3 key points that regards the US response to the italian invasion?●minimizing the news outlets and media about the situation and the american action about it (especially anything about american cooperation with different governments)●avoiding the war — wont join it and will prevent itself from being drawn into it●theyre gonna stop trying to preserve peace — wont intervene with the crisisUse 2 sources and own knowledge to write one body paragraph:“Examine the impact of the anglo-french response to the abyssinian crisis”●Source C, Source D●PEEL●Impact of these impacts: BrainstormingNotes:Source C talks about how the UK and Britan would rather cooperate with Italy rather than condemn them ont he cations (Not stated directly) due to the weak league power at the time and the fact that italy was a main council member. because of the lack of action taken againdt the italian agression against abyssinia, this further escaalted the crisis and further played into the neglect and avoidance of it.Source D talks about the inability of the great powers of UK and france to work together due to conflicting ideas on whataction should be taken against the italina gression. because they dcouldnt end up agreeing on one form of action, they ended up not doing anything against it which also escalated the abyssinian crisisOwn knowledge:
great depression weakened uk and france, their navy was powerless and they were reluctant to take actionthey tried to keep italy as an ally due to the threat of german increasing powerthere was a secret plan to give 2/3rd of abyssinia to italy this was between mussolini, and uk french prime minisers (later resigned)The Anglo-French response (or the lack thereof) further escalated the Abyssinian crisis which paved the way for authoritarian governments such as the Italian government to commit atrocities while carrying out the invasions.