Writing Project David Martinez, Rachel Paraza, Lissangela Palacios

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International Studies Preparatory Academy**We aren't endorsed by this school

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EE 2163

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Arts & Humanities

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Jan 6, 2025

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David’s DBQDocument-Based Question (DBQ)Question:Evaluate Andrew Carnegie's perspectives on wealth, philanthropy, and economicinequality as articulated in his "Gospel of Wealth" (1889) and analyze how these ideasinﬂuenced American attitudes toward philanthropy and economic inequality during thelate 19th and early 20th centuries.Historical Context:During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the United States experienced rapidindustrialization and economic growth, leading to the rise of immense wealth amongindustrialists like Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie's essay "The Gospel of Wealth" reﬂectedprevailing attitudes toward wealth accumulation, philanthropy, and economic inequalityduring this era.Document 1: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"The problem of our age is the proper administration of wealth, so that the ties ofbrotherhood may still bind together the rich and poor in harmonious relationship. Theconditions of human life have not only been changed, but revolutionized, within the pastfew hundred years. The material environment has been mastered, almost conquered, byman. The poor enjoy what the rich could not before afford. What were the luxuries havebecome the necessaries of life. The laborer has now more comforts than the landlordhad a few generations ago. This process is beneficial and necessary. But whether thechange be for good or ill, it is upon us, beyond our power to alter, and therefore to beaccepted and made the best of."

Document 2: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"Wealth is not to feed our egos, but to feed the hungry and to help people helpthemselves."Document 3: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"The man who dies rich, dies disgraced."Document 4: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"Of every thousand dollars spent in so-called charity to-day, it is probable that ninehundred and fifty dollars is unwisely spent—so spent, indeed, as to produce the veryevils which it proposes to mitigate or cure."Document 5: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"The 'good old times' were not good old times. Neither master nor servant was as wellsituated then as to-day. A relapse to old conditions would be disastrous to both—not theleast so to him who serves—capital."Rachel’s ResponseAndrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth" presents a nuanced view on wealth distributionand philanthropy, emphasizing responsible wealth management and targetedphilanthropy to address societal issues. His ideas inﬂuenced American attitudes byshaping debates on the role of wealth in societal progress, sparking discussions on theethical responsibilities of the affluent and the eﬃcacy of philanthropic efforts inaddressing economic inequalities.In his essay, Carnegie stresses the importance of responsible wealth administration forsocietal benefit, arguing that the wealthy have a moral obligation to use their resources

wisely. Document 2 highlights Carnegie's belief in using wealth to empower individualsand foster self-improvement, reﬂecting his vision of strategic philanthropy. Moreover,Carnegie cautions against indiscriminate charity in Document 4, advocating for targetedphilanthropy that addresses underlying social issues effectively.Carnegie's ideas inﬂuenced American attitudes by shaping debates on wealthdistribution and philanthropy during a period of rapid industrialization and socialchange. His emphasis on responsible wealth management found support amongprogressive reformers who saw philanthropy as part of broader societal improvements.However, labor unions and reformers challenged the notion that philanthropy alonecould solve systemic economic inequalities, calling for structural reforms alongsidephilanthropic efforts.While Carnegie's views resonated with some groups, they faced critique from thoseadvocating for broader economic changes beyond philanthropy. Document 4 reﬂectsconcerns about the limitations of philanthropic efforts in addressing deep-rootedeconomic disparities and labor exploitation. This debate highlights ongoing discussionsabout the balance between philanthropy and systemic reforms in addressing societalinequalities.Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth" continues to inform discussions about wealth distributionand societal responsibilities in modern societies. His emphasis on responsible wealthstewardship and targeted philanthropy remains relevant in debates about the ethicalobligations of the affluent and the role of wealth in shaping more equitable societies.Understanding Carnegie's nuanced perspectives enriches contemporary discussions onwealth distribution and philanthropic endeavors.Lissangela’s DBQQuestion:Examine Andrew Carnegie's arguments in "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889) regarding theresponsibilities of the wealthy and the role of philanthropy in society, and assess howthese ideas inﬂuenced American debates and policies concerning economic inequalityand social welfare during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Document 1: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"The problem of our age is the proper administration of wealth, so that the ties ofbrotherhood may still bind together the rich and poor in harmonious relationship."

Document 2: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"Wealth is not to feed our egos, but to feed the hungry and to help people helpthemselves."Document 3: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"The man who dies rich, dies disgraced."Document 4: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"Of every thousand dollars spent in so-called charity to-day, it is probable that ninehundred and fifty dollars is unwisely spent—so spent, indeed, as to produce the veryevils which it proposes to mitigate or cure."Document 5: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"The 'good old times' were not good old times. Neither master nor servant was as wellsituated then as to-day. A relapse to old conditions would be disastrous to both—not theleast so to him who serves—capital."David’s ResponseAndrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" presented a viewpoint advocating forresponsible wealth management and targeted philanthropy, inﬂuencing Americandiscourse on economic disparity, social welfare, and the ethical obligations of theaffluent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Andrew Carnegie's essay "The Gospel of Wealth" emerged during the Gilded Age, aperiod marked by rapid industrialization, wealth accumulation, and social inequalities. Inhis essay, Carnegie argues that with great wealth comes great responsibility,emphasizing the duty of the affluent to administer their riches wisely for the benefit ofsociety. His views on philanthropy and wealth management challenged prevailingnotions of laissez-faire capitalism, sparking debates about the role of government andphilanthropy in addressing societal issues.Carnegie posits that the concentration of wealth is inevitable in a capitalist society butargues that wealthy individuals bear a moral obligation to use their wealth for thegreater good. Document 1 reﬂects Carnegie's belief in the proper administration ofwealth to maintain social cohesion between the rich and poor. Document 2 underscores

his view that wealth should be utilized to alleviate suffering and empower individualsrather than serve as a mere status symbol. These arguments shaped Carnegie'sadvocacy for strategic philanthropy and targeted interventions.Carnegie's ideas had a profound impact on American attitudes towards wealthdistribution and philanthropy. Progressive reformers, inspired by Carnegie's views,advocated for policies that encouraged responsible wealth management andphilanthropy. However, critics, including labor unions and social reformers, questionedthe eﬃcacy of philanthropy in addressing systemic economic inequalities. Document 4highlights Carnegie's concerns about misguided charitable efforts and the need forstrategic philanthropy to produce meaningful societal changes.Carnegie's arguments inﬂuenced policies and initiatives aimed at addressing economicdisparities and promoting social welfare. Document 3 reﬂects Carnegie's belief thathoarding wealth without societal benefit is morally questionable, aligning with efforts topromote wealth redistribution and progressive taxation. His ideas also contributed tothe rise of philanthropic foundations and initiatives aimed at tackling societal issuessuch as education, healthcare, and poverty alleviation.Rachel’s DBQQuestion:Evaluate Andrew Carnegie's views on the relationship between wealth and democracyas presented in his essay "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889), and analyze how these ideasinﬂuenced American perceptions of economic opportunity, social mobility, anddemocratic ideals during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Document 1: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"The contrast between the palace of the millionaire and the cottage of the laborer withus to-day measures the change which has come with civilization. This change, however,is not to be deplored, but welcomed as highly beneficial. It is well, nay, essential for theprogress of the race, that the houses of some should be homes for all that is highest

and best in literature and the arts, and for all the refinements of civilization, rather thanthat none should be so. Much better this great irregularity than universal squalor."Document 2: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"Wealth is not to feed our egos, but to feed the hungry and to help people helpthemselves. It is not ostentatious living, extravagant indulgence, or selfish gratification,but rather prudent, thoughtful use and generous sharing that befit a noble existence."Document 3: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"The man who dies rich, dies disgraced. Such is the stern verdict of the court ofconscience."Document 4: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"Of every thousand dollars spent in so-called charity to-day, it is probable that ninehundred and fifty dollars is unwisely spent—so spent, indeed, as to produce the veryevils which it proposes to mitigate or cure. A well-known writer of philosophic booksadmitted the other day that he had given a quarter of a dollar to a man who approachedhim at a railway station, with the remark, 'I know you.' 'You know me?' said thephilosopher. 'Yes, you owe me a quarter,' was the reply."Document 5: Excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889)"The 'good old times' were not good old times. Neither master nor servant was as wellsituated then as to-day. A relapse to old conditions would be disastrous to both—not theleast so to him who serves—capital. The condition of the laborer is as much bettered asthat of the capitalist. The price which society pays for the law of competition, like theprice it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is also great; but the advantages of this

law are also greater still, for it is to this law that we owe our wonderful materialdevelopment, which brings improved conditions in its train."Lissanegla’s ResponseParagraph 1: Introduction and Context (6 sentences)Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" emerged during the Gilded Age, a periodmarked by significant wealth disparities and societal transformations in America. In hisessay, Carnegie grapples with the implications of wealth accumulation and itsrelationship to democratic principles. Carnegie argues that while wealth concentrationis inevitable in a capitalist society, it brings responsibilities for the wealthy to contributepositively to society. His ideas challenge notions of unfettered capitalism and inﬂuencediscussions about wealth distribution and democratic ideals. Andrew Carnegie's "TheGospel of Wealth" reﬂects his beliefs about the responsibilities of the wealthy and theirimpact on democratic ideals, shaping American debates about economic fairness,social mobility, and the role of wealth in democratic societies during the late 19th andearly 20th centuries.Carnegie contends that wealth disparity, exemplified by the contrast between opulentmansions and humble dwellings, is a hallmark of progress rather than a cause forlamentation. Document 1 highlights Carnegie's belief that societal progressnecessitates the concentration of resources among a few to foster advancements inculture and civilization for the benefit of all. Document 2 further underscores Carnegie'sargument that wealth should serve noble purposes such as aiding the less fortunate

rather than mere ostentation. These views, while advocating for responsible wealthmanagement, also suggest a hierarchical view of societal roles.Carnegie's ideas profoundly inﬂuenced American perceptions of economic opportunity,social mobility, and democratic principles during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Progressive reformers, inspired by Carnegie's notions of strategic philanthropy,advocated for policies promoting education, social welfare, and fair labor practices.However, critics, including labor unions and social reformers, questioned whetherphilanthropy alone could address systemic economic inequalities. Document 4highlights Carnegie's concern about misdirected charitable efforts, adding nuance todebates about wealth redistribution and social justice.Carnegie's views continue to resonate in contemporary discussions about wealth,democracy, and social justice. His emphasis on responsible wealth management andphilanthropy remains relevant, shaping debates about corporate social responsibilityand equitable economic policies. However, challenges persist as debates evolve toinclude broader structural reforms alongside philanthropic initiatives. UnderstandingCarnegie's nuanced arguments provides insights into the ongoing tensions betweenwealth accumulation, democratic ideals, and societal equity in democratic societies.David’s LEQ Prompt:To what extent did Andrew Carnegie's "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889) inﬂuence Americandebates and policies concerning wealth distribution, philanthropy, and economicinequality during the late 19th and early 20th centuries? Evaluate Carnegie's arguments

in the context of Gilded Age industrialization, labor movements, and progressivereforms.Lissangela’s Response:Andrew Carnegie's essay "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889) wielded significant inﬂuence onAmerican debates and policies regarding wealth, philanthropy, and economic inequalityduring the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Carnegie, a prominent figure in the GildedAge, advocated for responsible wealth management and targeted philanthropy asmeans to address societal issues. The context of Gilded Age industrialization, wealthdisparities, and societal transformations provides a backdrop to understand the impactof Carnegie's ideas on American attitudes towards wealth distribution and socialwelfare. This essay will evaluate the extent to which Carnegie's arguments shapedphilanthropic initiatives, social reforms, and perceptions of economic fairness duringthis pivotal period in American history.Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth" inﬂuenced philanthropic initiatives and social reforms bypromoting strategic philanthropy aimed at societal progress. His belief that the wealthyhad a moral obligation to use their resources for the greater good resonated withprogressive reformers seeking solutions to economic disparities. Carnegie'scontributions led to the establishment of libraries, universities, and cultural institutions,reﬂecting his vision of using wealth to uplift society through education and opportunity.Despite its inﬂuence, Carnegie's essay faced criticisms from various quarters, includinglabor unions and critics of unchecked capitalism. Critics argued that philanthropy alonecould not address systemic economic inequalities perpetuated by industrialization andlaissez-faire economic policies. They called for broader reforms, fair labor practices,

and government intervention to tackle wealth disparities and improve workingconditions, challenging Carnegie's perspective on wealth administration and societalprogress.Carnegie's ideas significantly shaped American attitudes towards wealth accumulation,social mobility, and the role of government in economic affairs. His advocacy forresponsible wealth management inﬂuenced debates on progressive taxation, incomedistribution, and corporate social responsibility. Moreover, Carnegie's emphasis ontargeted philanthropy encouraged wealthy individuals to contribute to social welfare,leading to the establishment of charitable foundations and initiatives addressingsocietal needs such as education, healthcare, and poverty alleviation.The legacy of Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth" endures in contemporary discussions aboutwealth equity, social welfare, and the responsibilities of the affluent in modern America.His ideas continue to shape debates on income inequality, philanthropic strategies, andthe ethical obligations of wealth. Understanding Carnegie's perspectives enriches ourcomprehension of the complexities surrounding wealth, democracy, and societalresponsibilities in democratic societies, highlighting ongoing tensions and evolvingstrategies in addressing societal inequalities.Rachel’s LEQ Prompt:To what extent did the rise of industrial capitalism, as depicted in "The Gospel ofWealth" by Andrew Carnegie (1889), shape economic inequality, social mobility, andperceptions of wealth in late 19th-century America?

David’s Response:"The Gospel of Wealth" by Andrew Carnegie reﬂects the rise of industrial capitalism andits impact on economic inequality, social mobility, and perceptions of wealth in late19th-century America. Carnegie's essay presents arguments about responsible wealthmanagement, strategic philanthropy, and the role of affluent individuals in promotingsocietal progress. This essay will evaluate the extent to which industrial capitalism, asdepicted in Carnegie's work, shaped economic and social dynamics during the GildedAge. By analyzing Carnegie's views alongside historical context, we can understand thecomplexities of wealth distribution, labor relations, and class structures in thistransformative period.Industrial capitalism fueled rapid economic growth and wealth accumulation, leading tosignificant disparities between the rich and poor. Carnegie's advocacy for wealthcreation and entrepreneurial success resonated with the burgeoning industrial elite,promoting notions of individual success and economic self-interest. The expansion ofindustries such as steel, railroads, and finance created immense fortunes forentrepreneurs like Carnegie, contributing to the emergence of economic elites andmagnates.The rise of industrial capitalism exacerbated economic inequality as wealth becameconcentrated in the hands of a few industrialists. Carnegie's views on responsiblewealth management and philanthropy were seen as responses to growing publicconcerns about wealth disparities and labor conditions. However, industrial growth also

led to harsh labor conditions, including long hours, low wages, and unsafe workingenvironments, contributing to labor unrest and calls for reform.While industrial capitalism created opportunities for upward mobility, it also reinforcedsocial hierarchies and class divisions. Carnegie's emphasis on individual success andphilanthropy highlighted the potential for social advancement through entrepreneurshipand strategic philanthropy. However, access to economic opportunities and socialmobility remained limited for many workers and immigrants, perpetuating classdistinctions and inequalities.The rise of industrial capitalism during the Gilded Age led to significant continuities andchanges in American economic and social structures. While industrialization fueledeconomic growth and innovation, it also deepened economic inequalities and socialtensions. Carnegie's ideas about wealth and societal responsibilities inﬂuenced debatesabout economic fairness, philanthropy, and the role of government in regulatingindustrial capitalism, shaping ongoing discussions about wealth distribution and socialjustice in modern America. Understanding Carnegie's perspectives provides insightsinto the enduring challenges and complexities of wealth, democracy, and societalresponsibilities in democratic societies.Lissanegla’s Prompt:Assess the impact of Andrew Carnegie's philanthropic endeavors, as outlined in "TheGospel of Wealth" (1889), on American society and economic development during thelate 19th and early 20th centuries.Rachel’s Response:

Andrew Carnegie's philanthropic efforts, as outlined in "The Gospel of Wealth" (1889),left a significant impact on American society and economic development during the late19th and early 20th centuries. Carnegie's essay emphasized responsible wealthmanagement and strategic philanthropy as essential components of societal progress.This essay will assess the strategies employed by Carnegie in his philanthropicendeavors, examining their inﬂuence on education, social welfare, and culturalenrichment in America. By analyzing the consequences of Carnegie's philanthropyalongside criticisms and contemporary perspectives, we can understand the enduringlegacy of his charitable contributions.Carnegie's philanthropic strategies focused on establishing institutions that promotededucation and cultural enrichment. He believed that access to education was key toindividual and societal advancement. Carnegie's funding of libraries across the country,such as the Carnegie Library system, democratized access to knowledge and learningfor communities. Additionally, his contributions to educational institutions like CarnegieMellon University facilitated advancements in science, technology, and arts education.Carnegie's philanthropic initiatives had a transformative impact on education and socialwelfare in America. The establishment of libraries and educational institutionsexpanded access to learning opportunities for people from diverse backgrounds. Theseinitiatives played a crucial role in fostering literacy, intellectual growth, and communitydevelopment. Carnegie's support for educational advancements also contributed to thegrowth of specialized fields and industries, promoting economic development andsocial mobility.

Despite the positive impact of Carnegie's philanthropy, his efforts were not withoutcriticisms and challenges. Some critics argued that philanthropy alone could notaddress systemic economic inequalities or replace the need for structural reforms.Questions arose about the concentration of power and inﬂuence in the hands of wealthyphilanthropists like Carnegie, leading to debates about the role of government versusprivate philanthropy in addressing societal needs. Additionally, concerns were raisedabout the potential biases or limitations in funding priorities within philanthropicendeavors.Lissangela’s SAQ Questions1. How did Andrew Carnegie justify the concentration of wealth in the hands of afew individuals in his essay "The Gospel of Wealth"?2. What were some key strategies proposed by Carnegie in "The Gospel ofWealth" to address social inequalities and promote societal progress?3. How did Carnegie's views on philanthropy in "The Gospel of Wealth" inﬂuencethe establishment of educational and cultural institutions in the late 19th andearly 20th centuries?Rachel’s Answers:In "The Gospel of Wealth," Andrew Carnegie justified the concentration of wealthby arguing that it was inevitable in a capitalist society driven by competition andinnovation. He believed that wealth accumulation in the hands of a fewindustrious individuals was a natural outcome of economic progress and that itencouraged entrepreneurship and economic growth.Andrew Carnegie proposed several key strategies in "The Gospel of Wealth" toaddress social inequalities and promote societal progress. He advocated for

responsible wealth management among the affluent, encouraging them to usetheir resources for the greater good of society. Carnegie emphasized strategicphilanthropy, where wealthy individuals would invest in educational institutions,libraries, and cultural initiatives to uplift the less fortunate and promoteopportunities for social mobility.Carnegie's views on philanthropy in "The Gospel of Wealth" had a profoundimpact on the establishment of educational and cultural institutions in the late19th and early 20th centuries. Inspired by Carnegie's ideas, many wealthyindividuals and philanthropists contributed to the founding of libraries,universities, and museums across the country. Carnegie himself funded theconstruction of numerous libraries, including the renowned Carnegie libraries,which played a crucial role in democratizing access to education and knowledgefor communities across America.David’s SAQ Questions:1. How did Andrew Carnegie view the relationship between wealth and socialresponsibility in "The Gospel of Wealth"?2. What criticisms did Carnegie address regarding traditional approaches tocharity and philanthropy in "The Gospel of Wealth"?3. How did Carnegie's ideas about wealth and philanthropy align with orchallenge prevailing notions of economic fairness and social hierarchy during theGilded Age?Lissanegla’s Answers:1. In "The Gospel of Wealth," Andrew Carnegie viewed the relationship betweenwealth and social responsibility as intertwined and emphasized the duty of thewealthy to use their resources for the greater good of society. He argued thatwith great wealth came great responsibility, and wealthy individuals had a moral

obligation to engage in philanthropy and contribute positively to societalprogress. Carnegie believed that this approach would help mitigate the negativeeffects of wealth concentration and promote a more equitable and harmonioussociety.2. Andrew Carnegie addressed criticisms regarding traditional approaches tocharity and philanthropy in "The Gospel of Wealth" by advocating for strategicand responsible philanthropy. He critiqued the indiscriminate and oftenineffective nature of traditional charity, where money was given withoutthoughtful consideration of its long-term impact. Carnegie argued for targetedphilanthropic efforts aimed at addressing root causes of societal issues such aslack of education and access to resources, rather than merely providingtemporary relief.3. Carnegie's ideas about wealth and philanthropy both aligned with andchallenged prevailing notions of economic fairness and social hierarchy duringthe Gilded Age. While he believed in the benefits of capitalism and wealthcreation through industrialization, Carnegie also emphasized the importance ofusing wealth responsibly and giving back to society. This perspective challengedthe laissez-faire attitudes of some capitalists who viewed wealth accumulationas an end in itself, without considering broader societal responsibilities.Carnegie's philanthropic initiatives and advocacy for social progress contributedto ongoing debates about economic fairness and the role of the wealthy inshaping societal outcomes during this transformative period in American history.

Rachel’s Questions:1. How did Andrew Carnegie's background and experiences inﬂuence hisperspectives on wealth and philanthropy in "The Gospel of Wealth"?2. What role did Andrew Carnegie envision for government and societalinstitutions in addressing economic inequalities, as discussed in "The Gospel ofWealth"?3. How did Andrew Carnegie's ideas about the responsibilities of the wealthyresonate with or diverge from other prominent figures or movements of the late19th century?David’s Answers:1. Andrew Carnegie's background as a self-made industrialist and philanthropistgreatly inﬂuenced his perspectives on wealth and philanthropy as depicted in"The Gospel of Wealth." Coming from humble beginnings in Scotland and laterimmigrating to the United States, Carnegie experienced firsthand theopportunities and challenges of upward mobility in a capitalist society. Hisexperiences in the steel industry, where he amassed immense wealth, shaped hisbeliefs about the responsibilities that accompanied wealth accumulation.Carnegie believed that those who achieved wealth through industry andinnovation had a duty to use their resources to benefit society, echoing his ownjourney from rags to riches.2. In "The Gospel of Wealth," Andrew Carnegie envisioned a limited role forgovernment and societal institutions in addressing economic inequalities. Whilehe acknowledged the existence of social issues stemming from industrializationand wealth disparities, Carnegie believed that direct government intervention was

not the most effective solution. Instead, he advocated for wealthy individuals totake the lead in philanthropic efforts, using their resources to fund educational,cultural, and social initiatives that would uplift the less fortunate and promotesocietal progress. Carnegie saw strategic philanthropy as a more eﬃcient andﬂexible approach compared to relying solely on government welfare programs.3. Andrew Carnegie's ideas about the responsibilities of the wealthy bothresonated with and diverged from other prominent figures and movements of thelate 19th century. While he shared concerns about societal inequalities withprogressive reformers and social critics of the Gilded Age, Carnegie's emphasison individual philanthropy and self-regulation stood in contrast to more radicalcalls for government-led redistributive policies or socialist alternatives.Carnegie's views aligned with other wealthy industrialists who believed in thevirtues of self-made success and private charity, yet his advocacy for responsiblewealth management and targeted philanthropy set him apart as a unique voice indebates about economic fairness and social welfare during his time.