Chapter-13. Sole trader and partnership F.S. Final
.ppt
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Dhaka College**We aren't endorsed by this school
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ACCOUNTING 1
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Accounting
Date
Jan 9, 2025
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43
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Assalamu AlaikumWelcome to the presentation on Study Manual ( Chapter – 13 )- - Sole trader and partnership financial statementsPresented by:Muhammad Gaus Samdani FCA
Presentation outlineSole trader financial statementsConversion of a sole trader to a company Sale of a sole trader's business to a companyPartnershipsPreparing partnership accountsAccounting for changes in partnership structureConversion or sale of a partnership to a company
Financial statements of Sole Trader ship businessIn terminology sole trader financial statements are very similar to a profit and loss account and balance sheet prepared under Non-BAS for a company where they differ is in relation to:•Tax•The format of the profit and loss account• The ownership interests.
Ownership interestsOpening capital = net assets at start of periodAdd.: Capital introduced in the periodAdd.:/(Less): Net profit/net loss of the periodLess: Drawings (of cash, or of inventory at cost)Closing capital = net assets at end of period
Conversion of a sole trader to a companyWhen a sole trader converts the business to a company or registers it, the sole trader's ledger accounts must be closed and the new company's opened up. To close the sole trader's accounts following accounts are used:Revaluation accountRealization account and Capital account.
Contd….In the new company's accounts, unless the net assets are taken over at values which exactly reflect the value of the shares issued, an account for purchased goodwill is needed.
Why would a sole trader wish to register as a limited liability company? To gain the protection of limited liability for the sole trader, so that he/she is no longer personally liable for the business's debtsTo make raising of capital easier, as any new investors will receive shares in the businessTo take advantage of certain tax concessions for companiesTo appear more established in the eyes of the world.
Accounting for a registered joint stock companyRegistration under Companies Act 1994 means that a new entity, a company, comes into being, so: There is no longer any need for any of the ledger accounts that the sole trader has been maintaining, so far: the sole trader accounts are closed down New ledger accounts are needed for the new company
Closing down the sole trader's accountsThe procedure is as follows: Make revaluation adjustments in the sole trader ledger accounts so that the net assets are stated atthe value represented by the shares being issued: DEBIT - Asset accounts TK. XCREDIT - Revaluation account TK.XDEBIT - Revaluation account TK.XCREDIT- Liability accounts TK.X
Contd…The balance on the revaluation account is the surplus or deficit on revaluation of the business. This is transferred to the capital account: DEBIT - Revaluation account TK.XCREDIT - Capital accountTK.XClear all ledger accounts, excluding the capital account, to a realisation account. Enter the shares issued in consideration to the remaining two accounts: DEBIT - Capital account TK.XCREDIT - Realisation accountTK.X
Opening up the new company's account:A new set of ledger accounts for the company is set up, and entered with:The shares issuedThe assets and liabilities acquired It is at this point that the company as a new entity could attribute different valuations to assets and liabilities acquired. If the consideration paid exceeds the value the company puts on the net assets acquired, the difference is debited to purchased goodwill..
Sale of a sole trader's business to a companyA sole trader may sell the business to a third party, usually a company. As with conversion to a limited company the sole trader's accounts are closed down and then the net assets, including goodwill, are introduced to the acquiring company.
PartnershipA partnership is an arrangement between two or more individuals in which they share the risks and rewards of a joint business operation, as if they were joint sole traders.
The partnership agreementA partnership agreement contains the terms of the partnership, in particular the financial arrangements between partners and how profit/loss should be appropriated. It should cover the following issues.CapitalInterest on capitalPartners' salariesProfit-sharing ratio (PSR)Guaranteed minimum profit sharesDrawings
Agreement set down in the Partnership Act 1932If there is no formal agreement between the partners, certain rules laid down by the Partnership Act 1932 are presumed to apply instead.Profits are shared equally between the partnersThere are no partners' salariesPartners receive no interest on the capital they subscribe to the business and pay no interest on drawings.Partners are entitled to interest of 6% per annum on any amounts they advance to the business in excess of subscribed capital, such as a loan.
Appropriating partnership profitThe partnership's net profit is calculated in the same way as for a sole trader using a profit and loss account, or the ETB. We then prepare an appropriation statement, which Allocates interest on capital, interest on drawings, and salaries to each partner Shares out the residual profit in the PSR
Preparing partnership accountsEach partner's interest in the partnership is shown in a capital account and a current account. If a partner has made a loan to the partnership, this is treated as a third party loan, with interest deducted from net profit. It may be credited to the partner's current account rather than being paid in cash. A profit appropriation statement is used as a working to appropriate salaries, interest on capital, interest on drawings and residual profit share to each partner.
How does accounting for partnerships differ from accounting for sole traders?Partnership accounts are identical in many respects to the accounts of sole traders. Assets and liabilities are like the net assets of any other business, and are accounted for in the same way. Even where a loan to a partnership comes from a partner, this is accounted for as if it were a third party loan, in the top half of the balance sheet. Net profit is calculated in the same way as the net profit of a sole trader. lf a partner makes a loan to the business (as distinct from a capital contribution) then interest on the loan is an expense in the profit and loss account, in the same way as interest on any other loan from a third party. Just like a sole trader tax does not appear in partnership accounts
How does accounting for partnerships differ from accounting for sole traders?Partnership accounts are identical in many respects to the accounts of sole traders. Assets and liabilities accountingNet profit calculationIncome TaxThere are two respects in which partnership accounts are different, however. The ownership interest of each partner must be shown. The net profit must be appropriated between the partners and shown in the accounts.
Appropriation of profit: Sharing out profits in accordance with the partnership agreement.Accounting for each partner's ownership interest Initial capital contributions are recorded in capital accounts for each partner. (Since each Partner is ultimately entitled to repayment of capital it is clearly vital to keep a record of how much is owed to whom.) Profits and losses appropriated over time, less drawings, are shown in current accounts for each partner.
Differences between capital and current accounts are as follows. The balance on the capital account remains static from year to year. The current account is continually fluctuating up and down, as the partnership makes profits and losses which are shared out between the partners, and as each partner takes out drawings. Current account: A record of the profits retained in the business by Partner
If the partnership agreement provides for interest on capital, partners receive interest their on the balance in capital account, but not on the balance on their current account. If the amount of a Partner's drawings exceeds the balance on his/her current account, the current account will show a debit balance brought forward at the beginning of the next period. The ownership interest side of the partnership balance sheet will therefore consist of: Capital accounts for each partner. Current accounts for each partner.Contd…
Accounting for loans by partnersA partner making a loan to the partnership becomes its creditor. On the balance sheet the loan is shown separately as a long-term liability (unless repayable within twelve months, in which case it is a current liability)' interest on the loan is a deduction from profit, not an appropriation. According to the Partnership Act 1932 interest is payable at 6% if there is no agreement to the contrary. Interest on partners' loans is usually credited to the partner's current account as this is administratively more convenient, especially when the partner does not particularly want to be paid the loan interest; in cash immediately it becomes due.
Accounting for appropriation of net profit/lossThe net profit of a partnership is shared out in the PSR in an appropriation account, which follows on from the profit and loss ledger account itself. The accounting entries for an individual share of profits for each partner are: DEBIT P & L ledger account with net profit c/dCREDIT P & L appropriation account with net profit b/d DEBIT P & L appropriation accountCREDIT The current accounts of each partner
The stepsStep-1: Establish the net profit, after deducting interest on loans from partners. Step-2: Appropriate interest on capital and salaries first. These items are appropriations of profit and do not appear in the P&L account. Step-3: Charge partners interest on their drawings where relevant. Step-4:Residual profits are shared out between partners in the PSR. Step-5:Each partner's share of profits is credited to his/her current account.
Partnership accounts on the ETBThe ETB can be used to help prepare partnership accounts. The differences to sole trader ETBs are as follows: Accrued interest on a Partner's loanis accounted for in the adjustments column and included in the cross-casts, so the net Profit figure in the debit column of the profit and loss account is then the amount to be appropriated DEBIT Interest expense TK.XCREDIT Current account TK.X
Contd….Each Partner's drawings are transferred in the adjustments columns from the drawings accounts to the current account DEBIT Current accounts TK.XCREDIT Drawings accounts TK.X The profit appropriation statement is prepared as a separate working, then each partner's total profit share is accounted for as follows DEBIT Profit and loss accountTK.XCREDIT Current accounts (balance sheet) TK.X
Accounting for changes in partnership structureWhen a partner dies or retires, the remaining parties normally carry on the business, buying out the departing partner's share of the net assets, including goodwill.
Any changes in a partnership require a new agreement. Unless the agreement specifically states otherwise, legally the old partnership is dissolved and a new partnership is created. However, from an accounting viewpoint, it is more realistic to treat the partnership as continuing but with a change in the Partners and the PSR. On the retirement or death of a partner, we need to: Calculate the profits up to the date of change and allocate them according to the old PSR. Allocate the profits after the date of change according to the new PSR.Retirement or death of a partner
Goodwill in the partnership accountsUsually on a Partner's retirement or death a valuation of the partnership's net assets is carried out or the partners simply agree that as well as a share of the profits to the date of retirement the retiring partner should also take a share in the partnership's goodwill, in the form of a settlement in cash or other assets from the other partners. Once the partner has gone the goodwill is then removed from the accounts. The principles behind how we account for retirement or death of a partner when there is a settlement which includes recognition of the value of the partnership's goodwill are the same as we used when converting and selling a sole trader's business.
Admission of a PartnerWhen a new partner is admitted, a new agreement is needed to cover the appropriation of profits. If the new partner introduces additional capital into the partnership, the total amount they bring in must be credited to their capital account.
Conversion or sale of a Partnership to a companyThe same accounting principles apply when the partnership is sold to a company, or converts to being a company, as we saw in relation to a sole trader: Close down the partnership ledger account. Open up the new company's ledger accounts or take the partnership's net assets into an existing company's books at the valuation it chooses to attribute to them. Regarding the purchase consideration, shares in the company and/or cash are allocated to each Partner in line with their interest in the business, uplifted if desired by a revaluation
Answer the following questions 1.A B and C are in partnership with a profit sharing ratio of 3:2: l. For the year ended 31.12.X9, the partnership profits are TK. 18,000. What is B's share of the profits?A.TK. 3,000B.TK. 6,000C.Tk. 9,000 D.TK.18,000Answer - B
Contd…. 2.Madro had net assets of TK.35,000 at I January 20X8, and these grew by TK.22,500 in the year. He took drawings of TK. 14,000 and made a net profit of TK. 23,900. How much capital did Madro inject in the year?A.Tk. 9,900B.TK. 12,600 C.Tk. 67,400 D.TK.102,400Answer - B
Contd…. 3. Serko made a net profit of TK.50,000 as a sole trader in 20X7. He has calculated that tax at 25% is due on this amount. What is the tax charge in Serko's profit and loss account?Answer - Tk. 0.
Contd…. 4. Upto has net assets of TK.68,000 on 3 I December 20X I , when he decides to incorporate the business. He wishes to revalue his fixed assets by TK.30,000, and write off debtors of TK.6,000. How many TK. 1 hares issued at par should upto Ltd issue?Answer – Tk. 92,000
Contd…. 5. Having paid cash of TK.50,000 and issued 60,000 50p shares at a price of TK. 1.25 for the net assets of Babto's business, Ahern Ltd shows these net assets at TK.72,000 in its ledger accounts. How much will it debit to purchased goodwill.Answer – Tk. 53,000
Contd…. 6. In the absence of a written agreement a partner's loan to the partnership attracts annual interest at:A.3%B.4%C.5%D.6%Answer – D.
Contd…. 7. Pam's capital account is TK. 10,000 at the end of 20X3, and her partner Mike's is TK.20,000. Their current accounts are TK.27,820 and TK. 16,9 l0 respectively. In 20X3 the partnership made a net profit of TK.42,300. What are its net assets at the end of 20X3?Answer - Tk. 74,730
Contd…. 8. Rene, Hughie and Paul are partners sharing profit 4:3:l. Paul gets a salary of TK. 12,000. Hughie retires 3 months into 20X4. in 20X4 a profit of TK.67,040 is made. How much profit is appropriated to Hughie when he retires?Answer – Tk. 5,160
Contd…. 9. When Malco sells his business to Rombo Ltd, his net assets are TK.108,000. He takes over cash of TK. 15,000 and a fixed asset with a net book value of TK.23,000. There is a surplus on revaluation of the other assets of TK.30,000. How much does Malco receive as consideration for his business?Answer – TK 100,000
Contd…. 10. Sarah has a minimum profit share of TK. 10,000 guaranteed by Richard. On initial appropriation Sarah is allocated TK.8,000 and Richard is allocated TK. 16,000. What is Richard's final appropriation of profit?Answer – 14,000.
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