My Constitutional Law Outline Table of Contents

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Seton Hall University**We aren't endorsed by this school

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LAW 6015

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Political Science

Date

Jan 14, 2025

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Uploaded by PresidentKnowledge1526

1THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA…………………………………1Federalism: History and Principles……………………………………………………………...1The Supreme Court’s Authority and Role……………………………………………………………….6The Power of Judicial Review……………………………………………………………………6Marbury v. Madison……………………………………………………………………….7The Background and Meaning of Marbury v. Madison………………………………...9Supreme Court Authority to Review State Court Judgments………………………………..10Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee………………………………………………………………..10Further Clashes Between Supreme Court and State Court Authority………………………10Cohens v. Virginia………………………………………………………………………..10Constitutional and Prudential Limits on Constitutional Adjudication: The “Case or Controversy” Requirements………..11Advisory Opinions………………………………………………………………………11Standing…………………………………………………………………………………11Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife……………………………………………………………13Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency……………………………………..14The Constitutional and Prudential Elements of Standing…………………………...15Clapper v. Amnesty International USA………………………………………….15TransUnion v. Ramirez…………………………………………………………..16Allen v. Wright…………………………………………………………………...17Political Questions………………………………………………………………………17Baker v. Carr…………………………………………………………………….18Distinguishing Legal from Political Questions……………………………….18Powell v. McCormack…………………………………………………..18Goldwater v. Carter…….........................................................................19Nixon v. United States…………………………………………………..19Rucho v. Common Cause……………………………………………….20Federalism: History and Principles……………………………………………………………………..20Enumerated Powers and McCulloch v. Maryland……………………………………………...21McCulloch v. Maryland………………………………………………………………….21McCulloch’sApproach to Enumerated Powers………………………………………………...23The Limits of the Necessary and Proper Clause………………………………………………23National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius……………………………..23The Location of Sovereignty in the Federal System…………………………………………..24U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton……………………………………………………….24The Commerce Power and Its Federalism-Based Limits……………………………………………...25The Commerce Power Before the New Deal…………………………………………………...25Gibbons v. Ogden………………………………………………………………………...25Morals Cases: National “police” Regulations………………………………………...26Champion v. Ames[The Lottery Case]………………………………………...27Hipolite Egg Co v. US…………………………………………………………...27Hoke v. US……………………………………………………………………….27Hammer v. Dagenhart[The Child Labor Case]………………………………………..27The Commerce Power and the New Deal……………………………………………………...27ALA Schecter Poultry Corp. v. US[Sick Chicken Case]………………………………..27Carter v. Carter Coal Co…………………………………………………………………27Why do we start seeing a change in the commerce power?......................................................27FDR’s Court-packing Plan……………………………………………………………..28The Commerce Power After the New Deal…………………………………………………….28NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp…………………………………………………...28United States v. Darby…………………………………………………………………...28Wickard v. Filburn………………………………………………………………………..28

2Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States………………………………………………….30Katzenbach v. McClung………………………………………………………………….30The Contemporary Commerce Power…………………………………………………………30United States v. Lopez……………………………………………………………………30Rehnquist-Era Restrictions on the Commerce Power………………………………..31United States v. Morrison………………………………………………………………..31The Commerce Power Strikes Back?.............................................................................32Gonzales v. Raich………………………………………………………………………...32National Federation of Independent Business v. SebeliusOBAMA CARE CASE…….33NFIBand the Commerce Power……………………………………………………….34The Commerce Power after NFIB…………………………………………….35The Tenth Amendment as an External Constraint on the Federal Commerce Power……...35The “Traditional Government Functions” Doctrine – Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Auth.36New York v. United States………………………………………………………………..37The Scope and Limits of the Anticommandeering Principle………………………...38Printz v. United States…………………………………………………………...38Reno v. Condon………………………………………………………………….38Murphy v. NCAA………………………………………………………………...39Commandeering Versus Other Forms of Federal Regulation……………………….40The National Taxing and Spending Powers and Their Federalism-Based Limits…………………...40The Taxing Power as a Regulatory Device……………………………………………………..40Child Labor Tax Case [Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.]………………………………..41United States v. Kahriger………………………………………………………………...42National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius……………………………….42The Taxing Power as a Federal Regulatory Device After NFIB……………………...43Three Important Distinctions between NFIBand Drexel……………………43Taxing Power……………………………………………………………………………43The Spending Power as a Regulatory Device………………………………………………….43United States v. Butler……………………………………………………………………43South Dakota v. Dole…………………………………………………………………….44The Spending Power Between Doleand NFIB………………………………………..46DOLEFOUR-PART TEST…………………………………………………….46National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius………………………………………….46Spending Power…………………………………………………………………………47Federal Limits on State Regulation of Interstate Commerce…………………………………………47The Dormant Commerce Clause……………………………………………………………….47The Nondiscrimination Principle……………………………………………………...47Pike/Residual Balance Test…………………………………………………….48Pike v. Bruce Church…………………………………………………...48The History of the Dormant Commerce Clause………………………………………48Gibbons v. Ogden………………………………………………………………………...49The Nascent Dormant Commerce Clause……………………………………………..49Cooley v. Board of Wardens……………………………………………………..49Facial Discrimination Against Out-of-State Commerce……………………………...50Philadelphia v. New Jersey………………………………………………………………50Maine v. Taylor…………………………………………………………………………...51EXCEPTIONS to Facially Discriminatory Laws……………………………………..52West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy………………………………………………………52Dean Milk Co. v. Madison……………………………………………………………….52C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Clarkstown……………………………………………………...53United Haulers Ass’n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority………..54

3The Dean Milk-Carbone-United HaulersTrilogy………………………………………54Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis…………………………………...54The Market Participant Exception…………………………………………………….55MARKET EXCEPTION DOCTRINE………………………………………………..55South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke…………………………………..55Identifying Protectionism in Facially Neutral Laws………………………………….57Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Comm’n…………………………..57Bacchus Imports, Ltd. v. Dias…………………………………………………...57Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland………………………………………….58State of Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Corp……………………………...58Balancing Facially Neutral Laws with a Disproportionate Adverse Effect on Commerce….58RESIDUAL BALANCING TESTS…………………………………………...58Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc………………………………………………………..58Moving on to PikeBalancing…………………………………………59Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp……………………………………………….59Dormant Commerce Clause Flow Chart……………………………………………...60National Pork Producers Council v. Ross………………………………………………..60The Interstate Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV………………………………61United Building & Construction Trades Council v. Mayor and Council of Camden……62The Scope and Limits of Interstate Privileges and Immunities……………………...63Supreme Court of New Hampshire v. Piper……………………………………..63McBurney v. Young………………………………………………………………………………..64Privileges and Immunities Clause Flow Chart………………………………………………...65Congressional Ordering of Federal-State Relationships by Preemption and Consent……..65Congressional Preemption of State Regulation……………………………………….65Pacific Gas & Elec. Co. v. State Energy Resources Conservation & Development Comm’n……67Modes of Preemption Analysis…………………………………………………………69One more preemption case – Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council…….69Separation of Powers…………………………………………………………………………………….70Executive Assertions of Power………………………………………………………………….70Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer[The Steel Seizure Case]……………………71Executive Authority to Make National Domestic Policy……………………………..73Zivotofsky v. Kerrycategory 3 case…………………………………………….73Executive Authority over Foreign and Military Affairs……………………………...74Dames & Moore v. Regancategory 2 case……………………………………..74Congressional War and Treaty Powers, and the Implied Power over Foreign Affairs……...74Woods v. Cloyd W. Miller Co……………………………………………………………..74Missouri v. Holland………………………………………………………………………75The War and Treaty Powers…………………………………………………………...75Tribal Sovereignty and State Power – Worcester v. Georgia…………………75Tribal Sovereignty and State Power – Castro-Huerta v. Oklahoma………….75Native Nations and Federal Power – Haaland v. Brackeen…………………..76United States v. Vaello Madero………………………………………………….77Executive and Congressional Discretion in Times of War or Terrorism……………………..77The President, Congress and War Powers…………………………………………….77EXECUTIVE DISCRETION IN TIMES OF WAR OR TERRORISM……77The War Powers Resolution of 1973………………………………………….77Shared War Powers……………………………………………………………78Emergency Constitutionalism………………………………………………………….78Emergency Powers……………………………………………………………..78Executive Power……………………………………………………….78

4Congressional Power………………………………………………….78Rights Based Limitations……………………………………………..78Constitutional Emergency Provisions………………………………………...79Lincoln’s Suspension of Habeas Corpus……………………………………...80Ex Parte Merryman…………………………………………………….80Ex parte Milligan………………………………………………………………..81Ex parte Quirincategory 1 – Youngstown– Youngstowncame later…………………..82Hamdan v. Rumsfeldcategory 3 Youngstowncase……………………………………...83Congressional Response: Military Commissions Act of 2006………………………..84Congressional Authority to Restrain and Enable the Executive……………………………..84Relationship between Congress’s Laws and Scope of Powers……………………….84Congressional Control over the Actions of the Executive Branch…………………...85Principle of Nondelegation…………………………………………………….85Gundy v. United States…………………………………………………………..85Intelligible Principle Test of the Nondelegation Doctrine……………………………85INS v. Chadha……………………………………………………………………………85Clinton v. New York………………………………………………………………………87Congressional Constraints on Appointments and Removal of Executive Officers…88NLRB v. Noel Canning…………………………………………………………..89Bowsher v. Synar…………………………………………………………………………90REMOVAL OF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS…………………………………………...91Myers v. United States……………………………………………………………………92Humphreys Executor v. United States……………………………………………………92Summary of Removal Power…………………………………………………………..92Morrison v. Olson………………………………………………………………………..93The Aftermath of Morrison v. Olson……………………………………………………93Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board………..93Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau……………………...94Removal Power Doctrine After Seila Law……………………………………………..95Executive Privileges, Immunities and Congress’s Power of Impeachment………………….95Executive Privilege/Privileges………………………………………………………….95United States v. Nixon……………………………………………………………………95The Scope and Limits of Executive Privilege…………………………………………96Scope of Executive Privilege…………………………………………………..96Trump v. Mazars USA, LLP……………………………………………………………...96Presidential Immunity from Civil Damages Liability for Official Actions………….98Nixon v. Fitzgerald……………………………………………………………………….98Clinton v. Jones…………………………………………………………………………..98Trump v. Vance…………………………………………………………………………...99Trump v. United States…………………………………………………………………...99Trump v. Anderson………………………………………………………………………………100Presidential Protections Against Judicial (and Legislative) Process: A Summary………...101The Post-Civil War Amendments and the “Incorporation” of Fundamental Rights………………101Individual Rights Before the Civil War………………………………………………………101PRE-CIVIL WAR CONSTITUTION (after articles of incorporation)……………101Barron v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore………………………………………..101Dred Scott v. Sandford………………………………………………………………….102The Aftermath of Dred Scott…………………………………………………………..102The Post-Civil War Amendments……………………………………………………………..102Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment Today……………………………………..104Slaughter-House Cases…………………………………………………………………105

5The “Incorporation” of the Bill of Rights Through the Due Process Clause………………105Palko v. Connecticut……………………………………………………………………106Benton v. Maryland……………………………………………………………………..106Adamson v. California………………………………………………………………….106Duncan v. Louisiana……………………………………………………………………107Incorporation Since Duncan…………………………………………………………..107District of Columbia v. Heller………………………………………………….107McDonald v. City of Chicago…………………………………………………………...108New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen………………………………109History and tradition after Bruen…………………………………………………….109United States v. Rahimi………………………………………………………...109Due Process……………………………………………………………………………………………...109Substantive Due Process and Economic Liberties…………………………………………...109Lochner v. New York……………………………………………………………………109The Meaning and Implications of Lochner…………………………………………...111The LochnerEra (1897-1937)………………………………………………...111Nebbia v. New York……………………………………………………………………..111The Demise of LochnerAfter the New Deal…………………………………………..111West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish………………………………………………..111ECONOMIC SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS SINCE 1937……………………...111Williamson v. Lee Optical Co…………………………………………………………...111Substantive Due Process and Privacy…………………………………………………………112Meyer v. Nebraska………………………………………………………………………112Pierce v. Society of Sisters………………………………………………………………112Substantive Due Process, Childbearing and Contraception………………………..113Buck v. Bell……………………………………………………………………..113Skinner v. Oklahoma(invalidating state sterilization law)…………………..113Griswold v. Connecticut………………………………………………………………...113The Meaning and Implications of Griswold………………………………………….115Eisenstadt v. Baird………………………………………………………………………115Roe v. Wade……………………………………………………………………………..115The framework after Roe…………………………………………………….116Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey……………………………………..116The framework after Casey…………………………………………………..117Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization……………………………………….117Substantive Due Process and Marriage and Family Relationships………………...117Loving v. Virginia………………………………………………………………117Zablocki v. Redhail……………………………………………………………..118Turner v. Safley………………………………………………………………...118Moore v. East Cleveland……………………………………………………….118Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas………………………………………………...119Troxel v. Granville……………………………………………………………...119Michael H. v. Gerald D………………………………………………………...119Substantive Due Process, Sexuality and Hybrid Due Process-Equal Protection Rights…...119Bowers v. Hardwick……………………………………………………………120Romer v. Evans………………………………………………………………………….120Lawrence v. Texas………………………………………………………………………121Where things stood after Lawrence…………………………………………………...123United States v. Windsor………………………………………………………………..123Obergefell v. Hodges……………………………………………………………………124Where things stand now………………………………………………………………125

6Substantive Due Process and Rights over the Timing and Circumstances of One’s Death..125Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dept. of Health………………………………….125Washington v. Glucksberg………………………………………………………………126The Meaning and Implications of Glucksberg……………………………………….127Vacco v. Quill…………………………………………………………………..127Substantive Due Process – The General Framework………………………………………..128Equal Protection………………………………………………………………………………………...128Race Discrimination……………………………………………………………………………128The Unconstitutionality of Racial Segregation………………………………………128Plessy v. Ferguson……………………………………………………………...128Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada……………………………………………………...129Sipuel v. Oklahoma……………………………………………………………………..129Sweatt v. Painter………………………………………………………………………..129Mclaurin v. Oklahoma………………………………………………………………….129Brown v. Board of Education [Brown I]………………………………………………..129The Meaning and Implications of Brown v. Board…………………………………...130Bolling v. Sharpe……………………………………………………………….130Implementing Brown v. Board…………………………………………………………130Brown v. Board of Education [Brown II]………………………………………130Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education………………………...131Milliken v. Bradley……………………………………………………………..131Missouri v. Jenkins……………………………………………………………..131Loving v. Virginia……………………………………………………………………….131Facial Discrimination Against Loving v. Virginia…………………………………….132RACE SPECIFIC CLASSIFICATIONS THAT DISADVANTAGE MINORITIES……….132Korematsu v. United States…………………………………………………….132Trump v. Hawaii………………………………………………………………..133Discriminatory Administration: Racially Discriminatory Purpose and Effect……133Racially Discriminatory Purpose and Effect………………………………..134Gomillion v. Lightfoot…………………………………………………134Washington v. Davis…………………………………………………………………….134The Meaning and Implications of Washington v. Davis……………………………...135Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Corp……………………………...135Affirmative Action and Race Preferences……………………………………………136Regents of Univ. of California v. Bakke………………………………………………...136Race Preferences in Employment and Contracting…………………………………137Fullilove v. Klutznick…………………………………………………………..137Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co……………………………………………………137Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College……..140Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District…………………….141Sex Discrimination……………………………………………………………………………..142Discriminating on the Basis of Sex…………………………………………………...142Original Applied Rationality Review [Old Case]…………………………...143Reed v. Reed…………………………………………………………...143THE FAILURE TO ADOPT STRICT SCRUTINY………………………..143Frontiero v. Richardson……………………………………………….143Craig v. Boren…………………………………………………………………………..143Sex Equality After Craig v. Boren……………………………………………………..144Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan…………………………………...144United States v. Virginia………………………………………………………………...145Sex Equality, Sex Differences and the Question of Gender………………………...145

7Geduldig v. Aiello………………………………………………………………145Discrimination Based on Other Potentially “Suspect” Classifications……………………..146Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc………………………………………………..146The Cabining of Suspect Classifications……………………………………………..147Williamson v. Lee Optical……………………………………………………...147Massachusetts Bd. of Retirement v. Murgia……………………………………147James v. Valtierra………………………………………………………………147Equal Protection Doctrine – A More Nuanced Picture?..........................................................148EQUAL PROTECTION AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS………………………………...148The “Fundamental Interests” Branch of Equal Protection…………………………………148Fundamental Interest in Voting………………………………………………………148Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections…………………………………………….149Kramer v. Union Free School District No. 15………………………………………….150Strict Scrutiny of Vote Denials………………………………………………………..150Crawford v. Marion County Election Board…………………………………...150Vote “Dilution”: Reapportionment and Gerrymandering………………………….151THE DILUTION OF THE RIGHT TO VOTE REAPPORTIONMENT AND GERRYMANDERING151Vote Dilution and the Equal Protection Clause: Malapportionment………………152Reynolds v. Sims………………………………………………………………………...152JUDICIAL SCRUTINY OF POLITICAL GERRYMANDERING………………..153Economic Barriers and the Criminal Process……………………………………….153Griffin v. Illinois………………………………………………………………..153Douglas v. California…………………………………………………………..153Economic Barriers and Civil Litigation……………………………………………...154Boddie v. Connecticut………………………………………………………….154M.L.B. v. S.L.J…………………………………………………………………………..154One way of viewing the access to justice cases………………………………………155No Fundamental Interest in Food, Shelter, Education……………………………...155Dandridge v. Williams………………………………………………………….155Lindsey v. Normet……………………………………………………………...155Education………………………………………………………………………………155San Antonio Independent School Dist. v. Rodriguez……………………………………155Plyler v. Doe…………………………………………………………………………….156Equal Protection………………………………………………………………………………..157Congress’s Civil Rights Enforcement Powers………………………………………………………...157INTRODUCTION TO THE “STATE ACTION” REQUIREMENT……………………….157OVERVIEW OF WHAT QUALIFIES AS STATE ACTION………………………158The Requirement of State Action……………………………………………………………..158Civil Rights Cases………………………………………………………………………158Congressional Power to Reach Private Interference with Constitutional Rights…160“Public Function” Cases……………………………………………………..160The Scope and Limits of State Action After the Civil Rights Cases………………...160Can Private Activities be State Action?..........................................................160Marsh v. Alabama……………………………………………………………...160Shelley v. Kraemer……………………………………………………………………...160State Action After Shelley v. Kraemer…………………………………………………161Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority………………………………………161Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis………………………………………………….161The State Action Doctrine After Moose Lodgeand Jackson………………………...162Appearance/imputation in Moose Lodgeand Burton……………………….162Flagg Bros., Inc. v. Brooks……………………………………………………..162

8DeShaney v. Winnebago County Social Services Department…………………162One way to visualize the issue…………………………………………………………………163THE ENFORCEMENT POWER……………………………………………………………..163Congressional Power to Enforce Civil Rights Under the 14th and 15th Amendments……163City of Boerne v. Flores………………………………………………………………...163The Meaning and Scope of Boerne…………………………………………………...164Shelby County v. Holder………………………………………………………………..164United States v. Morrison………………………………………………………………166The Religion Clauses: Free Exercise and Establishment…………………………………………….167The Free Exercise of Religion…………………………………………………………………167An Introduction to the Religion Clauses……………………………………………..167THE FREE EXERCISE CLAUSE…………………………………………………...167Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah…………………………………..168Employment Division, Dept. of Human Resources v. Smith……………………………168Smithand Religious Exemptions……………………………………………………...168Tandon v. Newsom……………………………………………………………...168Fulton v. City of Philadelphia………………………………………………….169Free Exercise Doctrine Today…………………………………………………………………170