Endoplasmic reticulum Essays

Summary Endoplasmic reticulum is a eukaryotic organelle that forms interconnected network of cisternae, vesicles and tubules within the cells[1,2]. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes in its membrane, these ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis[2]. The ribosome free endoplasmic reticulum also know as smooth endoplasmic reticulum, its functions including lipid synthesis, drug detoxification

about DNA and holds the information the nucleus needs. Lysosome The lysosome is like a mushroom, the mushroom breaks down dead plants, animals, and waste. While lysosomes digest dead organelles and waste. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum The smooth er is like an empty hallway. The hallway transports people around the school, but it doesn’t have any students roaming around it. Just like the smooth er doesn’t have any ribosomes in it.

Cytoskeletons are common for every living organisms present, be it bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes or prokaryotes. It is present in the cytoplasm of a cell and has a very complex network that consists of tubules and filaments that interlink each other1. Cytoskeletons are comprised of three main proteins in eukaryotes and they are usually able to multiply very fast or even disassemble depending on what the cell needs at any given moment.2 The structures of cytoskeletons can differ from one another and

ABSTRACT Transmembrane movements are substantially necessary for cellular level functions in all entities. Understanding a part of this, membrane and passive transport was the study that was conducted during the experimentation. Three types of experiments were completed in order to demonstrate the characteristics of membranes and factors affecting the passive transport in cells. Larger molecules are too large to cross the partially permeable membrane was the result of the first experiment. Second

Assignment unit 3 1. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have: 1) a membrane-bound nucleus; 2) numerous membrane-bound organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and others; and 3) several, rod-shaped chromosomes. Because a eukaryotic cell’s nucleus is surrounded by a membrane, it is often said to have a “true nucleus.” The word “organelle” means “little organ,” and, as already mentioned, organelles have specialized cellular functions, just

Introduction The plasma membrane is an outer layer that is formed around the cell. It is composed of phospholipids and proteins and this is structure is crucial to all cells in our bodies. The plasma membrane acts as a border and more importantly is responsible for what is allowed to enter and leave the cell. The ability to allow specific molecules to enter and leave the cell is known as selective permeability and it is the phospholipids that make this unique ability possible. Membrane has a bilayer

There are some integral proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Carrier protein is one of the integral proteins. The carrier protein provides the passage for the ions or large, polar molecules to move across the cell membrane. Some of the ions or molecules need to make use of the carrier proteins with the help of concentration gradients. Nonetheless, some molecules which are important to human body sometimes need to go against the concentration gradient. There are two types of ways

INTRODUCTION The plasma membrane is the boundary between the cell and its environment. It regulates what enters and exits the cell. Cells must maintain an appropriate amount of molecules to function inside them. They must also have a way to keep things out or to allow things to enter. This is the job of the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is like the guard must inspect those who enter and those who leave to make sure that only the people and things needed in the community are there. A plasma

Fibroblast The fibroblast is the large cell type of the dermis. These cells are responcible for the formation of procollagen and elastic fibers. Procollagen is terminally cleaved by proteolytic enzymes into collagen which aggregates and turned into cross-linked. These tightly cross-linked collagen fibers allow tensile strength and resistance to shear and other mechanical forces.(9,10) Collagen makes up 70% of the weight of the dermis, primarily Type I (85% of the total collagen) and Type III (15%

Connective tissue varies widely in appearance and function, but all forms share three basic components which are extracellular protein fibers, specialized cells, and a fluid known as ground substance. The combination of the extracellular fiber and ground substances produces the matrix that surrounds the cells. The functions of connective tissue are to establish a structural framework for the body. Secondly, it transport fluids and dissolved materials. The connective tissue also protect delicate

MED 208 – ASSIGNMENT 1 Avantika Narasimhan 2013M007 1. Define ion channels. Ion channels are proteins present on the cell membrane. They are pore forming and they facilitate the movement of selective or non-selective ions across the cell membrane. 2. Classify ion channels. TYPE DESCRIPTION Voltage gated ion channels They can be opened or closed according to the changes in the membrane potential. Ex: Activation gate of Na+ channel is opened during the upstroke of action potential in depolarization

The mitochondrion is one of the most important organelles in eukaryotic cells. Widely referred to as the 'Powerhouse of the Cell', they are a feature present in all types of eukaryotic organisms including chloroplasts (only present in plants and algae). They are membrane enclosed organelles that consist of a smooth outer double membrane structure, the mitochondrial matrix and the narrow intermembrane space. Inside the mitochondria there are many folds called cristae. The outer membrane has many

ENDOCYTOSIS Endocytosis is a process by which a small region of the plasma membrane of a cell ivaginates to form a new intracellular vesicle. The plasma membrane ivagination is termed caveolae and the caveolin is a protein which lines the caveolae. The central role of endocytosis is well exhibited in receptor regulation, neurotransmitters and the delivery of drugs and also endocytosis can be in other forms which are pinnocytosis and phagocytosis (Liang et al., 2010). With respect to receptor-mediated

One thing that all cells share is that they all have a Plasma Membrane. The plasma membrane is composed of proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol and phospholipids. It is located beneath the Cell wall and is much more flexible when compared. The plasma membranes functions are to protect the contents of the cell and control the migration of particles moving throughout the cell. The nucleus is the most important organelle for a eukaryotic cell as it controls the cells growth and reproduction. The nucleus

Golgi Apparatus- The golgi apparatus modifies the products of the endoplasmic reticulum. It also creates some macromolecules like pectin and and other non-cellulose polysaccharides. The Golgi apparatus sorts the different materials into the transport vesicles with the help of molecular identification tags. 6. Lysosomes- Lysosomes

compartment of proteins and packaging it into vesicles. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - This is ribbon like series of single flattened or tubular sacs bounded by membrane called cisternae, the rough endoplasmic reticulum has free ribosomes attached to it surface and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not, the free ribosomes attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum is use in the production of protein while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in making lipids and carbohydrates that

Cell membrane- the blue outside layer on my model: The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. The membrane excludes, takes in, and excretes various substances, all in specific amounts. In addition, they must able to communicate with other cells. The plasma membrane needs lipids, which make a semi-permeable barrier between the cell and its environment. It also needs proteins, which are involved in cross-membrane transport and cell communication. Nucleus- the swirled light blue ball in

Estrogen receptor alpha on endoplasmic reticulum stress that cause higher levels of apoptosis leading to a lower count of beta cells in the pancreas. The overall goal

proteins, fats or lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. The cytoplasm is also largely made up of water which is an inorganic compound. There are many different organelles found inside the cytoplasm. These include the mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome, peroxisomes, and vacuoles/vesicles. The mitochondria, known as the powerhouse of the cell, are bounded by a double membrane wherein each membrane is made up of a phospholipid

4. In order to determine if the nuclear localization signal will cause the cytosolic protein and any other proteins to move into the nucleus, there are experiments that can demonstrate this. 1. One such experiment includes the use of green fluorescent proteins. By fluorescently tagging the proteins, we can observe the proteins that are traveling to the nucleus. 2. In another experiment we could use the SDS page method, this technique uses protein separation by using a detergent to isolate particular