Molecular orbital Essays

Unit 3: Formation of ionic and metallic bonds Key unit competence: Describe how properties of ionic compounds and metals are related to the nature of their bonding 3.1. Introduction  Activity 3.1 Look at the pictures above and answer the following questions. Record your answers and discuss them in your groups. 1) Observe carefully pictures A, B and C and suggest the similarity between them. 2) What can you say about the chloride and sodium ions in the pictures above? 3) What holds the chloride

laying out the equations describing an orbital spaceflight in which the landing position of the spacecraft is specified. It was the first time a woman in the Flight Research Division had received credit as an author of a research report. In 1962 NASA prepared themselves for the orbital mission. Katherine would have a moment to remember. She would be doing something that would make her well known for. The work that was required Katherine was well for. Orbital flight had required the construction of

Genetic Modifications Genetic Modification is a change or substitution caused by human activity in the DNA (the substance that responsible about the appearance of the organism). Genetic modification was accomplished for the first time in 1973 by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer. Some scientists in countries around the world aspire applying this technology on plants and humans. Now some countries like USA, Argentina, Brazil, Canada and China allow their scientists to make researches on genetic

Recombinant DNA molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome. Recombinant DNA is possible because DNA molecules from all organisms share the same chemical structure. They differ only in the nucleotide sequence within that identical overall structure.Recombinant DNA is the general name for a piece of DNA that has been created by the combination

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to make various duplicates of a portion of DNA. PCR is very exact and can be utilized to intensify, or duplicate, a particular DNA target from a blend of DNA molecules. It empowers scientists to create a huge number of duplicates of a particular DNA arrangement in around two hours. This robotized procedure sidesteps the need to utilize microscopic organisms for intensifying DNA. First Stage: The reactants

RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) Introduction to technique: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, RFLP is a method of genetic analysis that allows individuals to be identified on the basis of unique patterns of restriction enzyme cutting in the particular regions of DNA. This technique takes an advantage of the polymorphisms occur in individual people's genetic codes. Even though all members of a particular specie have fundamentally the same genetic makeup, but these slight differences

Introduction The practicum has been developed in RIKEN Centre of Developmental Biology in Kobe, in the laboratory of Axial Pattern Dynamics under the supervision of Inomata-sensei and Matsukawa-san. In the laboratory they try to artificially regulate the gradient shape, they can control morphogen-dependent pattern formation. In general, the shape of a gradient is defined by three factors; synthesis, diffusion, and degradation of morphogen. So, they attempt to spatiotemporally regulate the gradient

What on Earth is Pharming? Pharming is “the production of pharmaceuticals by genetically engineered plants or animals,”(Merriam-Webster.com). Pharming has many different aspects. There is modifying plants and there is modifying animals. When people modify plants they are changing a certain trait to help the crop grow efficiently in different environments. Say someone wanted a nice watermelon. But they want the watermelon in the middle of winter. That is not when a watermelon grows. It grows during

My educational goal is to earn a degree in Biology and Spanish from the University of California, Riverside, in hopes of getting a job inside the laboratory department at Kaiser. Based on labs that I have already done at the University, I found that I enjoy working in a similar setting. I would love to have the opportunity to shadow a connoisseur in a similar work environment, as it would be a valuable learning experience. I come from a low-income family in Oakland, California. The economic barrier

DNA in Forensic Science DNA is the carrier of genetic information in humans and other living organisms. It has become a very useful tool in forensic science since it was discovered. In forensic science, DNA testing is used to compare the genetic structure of two individuals to establish whether there is a genetic relationship between them. One example of the use of DNA in forensic science that is important in biology today is comparing a suspect’s DNA profile to DNA that was discovered at a crime

This chapter presents an overview of protein structure prediction by representing some of the techniques. The structure prediction of protein has two main techniques. The secondary structure prediction and tertiary structure prediction methods are also discussed in this chapter. 2.1 OVERVIEW OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE PREDICTION TECHNIQUES Proteins perform many biological functions and represent the building blocks of organisms. Basically there are 20 types of amino acids in proteins consists of different

The movie Jurassic Park became an international sensation when it was released in 1993. It changed the cinematic art of storytelling. It was widely recognized as a high watermark in computer graphics (Timeline, 2015). The reason for these accolades was the extensive computer-generated imagery (CGI) that was used throughout the movie. Before Jurassic Park, CGI was used but not to this extreme that director Steven Spielberg demanded. • 1985: Young Sherlock Holmes - Stain Glass Man, first completely

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The specimen Al 2024 which was consist of 3.8-4.9% Cu, 1.2-1.8% Mg, 0.3-0.9% Mn, and Fe, Cr, Zn, Ti in a little amount had been inserted into a furnace set at 500oC approximately 50 minutes for a solution treatment before the lab. Its height was 7 mm and width was 25 mm. At the beginning of the lab the specimen was removed from the furnace using tongs and quenched in water. Then, the specimen was put into the oil at 190oC for 6 min. While waiting, another specimen Al 2024

Pharming What is pharming? The term "pharming" comes from a combination of the words "farming" and "pharmaceuticals." Gene pharming is a technology that scientists use to alter an animal's own DNA, In pharming, these genetically modified (transgenic) animals are used mostly to make human proteins that have medicinal value. The protein encoded by the transgene is secreted into the animal's milk, eggs, or blood, and then collected and purified. Livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits

Introduction: Genetically modified organisms can be defined as organisms in which the DNA has been changed in a way that does not occur naturally by any reproduction procedure. The enviropig is just one of many organisms that they did experiments on to modify it to have specific (needed) outcomes. The reason for genetic modification is to be able to change a product or organism so that it deliver desirable traits. The enviropig was created to solve the problem of pigs not being able to absorb enough

1.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Polymerase chain reaction is a method of DNA or RNA amplification . The PCR method allows millions of copies to be created from a very small DNA section. The PCR methodology was developed in 1983 by Kary Mull , who in 1993 received a Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Michael Smith PRINCIPLE & PROCEDURES: 1.DNA denaturation. Once the DNA has been isolated and purified from the cell, a PCR assay can begin. Uncleaned DNA can also be used for PCR, but it is ineffective

The assignment for this analysis is DNA structure and base pairing of DNA. The directions for the assignment are as follows: In part, A students are to label the key components of a strand of DNA. Part B directions are to write the compliment (partner) of each nitrogenous base to construct the complementary DNA strand. These directions are very clear and precise. We have covered the key components of DNA in the power point and looked at several different models to make sure that students understood

In this lab, the goal was to transform bacteria with genes that included fluorescence as well as antibiotic resistance that were taken from a jellyfish. Transformation is transferring a gene from one organism to another. Certain precautions had to be made before doing this lab since every step had to be done very quickly to prevent too much contamination. The first step in starting the transformation is to add the transformation solution into the +pGLO and -pGLO test tubes. After this is done, you

Transformation in bacteria usually takes place when a bacterial cell accepts strange DNA and integrates to its own DNA. The transformation normally takes place within plasmids, which are tiny circular DNA molecules that have been separate from its own chromosome. The copies of the same plasmid range from 10 to 200 copies within a cell. These copies of plasmids may multiply when the chromosome replicate or multiply independently. One plasmid has a range of 1,000 to 200,000 base pairs. R plasmids

Results Continued: The purpose of this experiment was to show the transformation of E. Coli with pGLO. We made four different plates each with different additives to compare them to one another, and be able to track the transformation. Initially we had predicted that only one of the four plates would glow. The plate with the plasmid (+pGLO)/LB/amp/ara was the one we said would grow and glow because it contained all the necessary tools to do so. The plate that grew and glowed included the plasmid