Nephron Essays

Urinogenital system comprises urinary system and reproductive system. Urinary system – * The urinary system is the body’s waste removal system. The kidneys' main function is to process and remove wastes (created from cell metabolism) and excess ions from the blood, regulate blood volume and maintain electrolyte balance. The urinary system consists of paired kidneys and ureters. Kidneys

The urinary tract is the body’s drainage system for removing urine, which is composed of wastes and additional fluid. In sequence for normal urination to happen, all body parts in the urinary tract require to work as one in the proper order. The lower urinary tract includes the bladder and urethra. (National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC), 2012). Urination is the process of emptying the bladder. To urinate, the lower urinary tract has two detached phases of activity:

The kidneys are vital organs for maintaining a stable internal environment .The kidneys have many functions, including regulating the acid–base and fluid–electrolyte balances of the body by filtering blood, selectively reabsorbing water and electrolytes, and excreting urine. In addition, the kidneys excrete metabolic waste products, including urea, creatinine, and uric acid, as well as foreign chemicals. Apart from these regulatory and excretory functions, the kidneys have a vital endocrine function

Aim The aim of the experiments to be carried out is to determine the kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax, of Alkaline Phosphatase. Theory, Principles and Application of Principles Enzymes are a huge varying group of proteins which are needed to carry out essential metabolic functions in cells. Substrate-specific enzymes, like Alkaline Phosphatase, act as catalysts lowering the needed activation energy to convert the substrate to product. Enzymes are made up of amino-acids and amino-groups have side chains

Abstract: Once a drug (eosin) enters the body by intravenous injection, elimination begins. The kidneys enable the elimination of the drug that is present in the blood stream to occur by renal glomerular filtration. The aim for this experiment was to recreate the conditions in the kidney to see how long it takes a drug to be eliminated out the body by glomerular filtration from recording concentrations and absorbencies. Most drugs that are present inside the blood stream follow first order kinetics

To determine if the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system is the ultimate controlling system in terms of why and how it functions. Definition of the topic: The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system is being evaluated to determine if it is the ultimate controlling system. Composed of various components such as the renal, liver, adrenal gland and cardiac system. This system interlinks all its components to carry out its function. To determine the functions of the three hormones; renin, angiotensin and

Hyponatremia may happen because of an excess of water, which is more common or loss of Na. If sodium level was low, water level in the body will rise and this will lead to swelling of the cells. In addition, Dilution of urine occurs in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle by re-absorption of solutes by Na-K-2Cl transporter, in the distal convoluted tubule by NaCl transporter and in the collecting tubule by absence of ADH. Dysfunction in these steps maximum amount of urine that can be excreted

Urinary System 1. List the organs of the urinary system by locations and give the basic organ function. (1) The kidneys – The urinary system consists of two kidneys located in the middle of the back with one on each side of the body. This kidneys help to eliminate body wastes through fluid called urine. (2) Two ureters – The ureters connect the kidneys and the urinary bladder. Their function is to transport the urine into the bladder. (3) Urinary bladder – The urinary bladder is located in the

decreases due to nephrons being destroyed. Nephrons left intact are subjected to an increased workload, resulting in hypertrophy and inability to concentrate urine. Typically GFR in chronic kidney disease is less than 60 mL per minute lasting longer than 3 months. Leading causes of Chronic Kidney disease includes systemic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and disease of the renal system which consists of glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, obstructive

Describe the process of water, nutrient and electrolyte reabsorption in the nephron of the kidney. In your answer, make sure to address the following questions: (11 marks total) a) What molecules are reabsorbed in each tubular element of the nephron? (7 marks) Tubular reabsorption is the process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood (Saladin, 2004). The first part of the nephron that is involved in the tubular reabsorption is the proximal convoluted

structures of the kidney such as the loop of Henle, nephrons, and corpuscles all important for the kidney to concentrate urine. Antibiotics are used for treatment, however it depends on the causative agent. Surgery, dialysis, or nephrectomy may be considered for Chronic pyelonephritis. Acute pyelonephritis: The systemic symptoms are fever, chills, back pain, and nausea and vomiting.

About 1.2 millions of nephrons were estimated to be found in each kidney. Each nephron has a renal corpuscle, which lies in the renal cortex, and a renal tubule which runs through a renal pyramid. The renal corpuscle is comprised of a double walled cup shaped epithelial tissue called as Bowman’s capsule

an entire hormonal axis devoted exclusively to sodium homeostasis. The kidney is the primary organ dedicated to sodium homeostasis; in most scenarios this means sodium retention. Between the glomeruli and distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in each nephron, a sensor called the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) measures the flow rate

With more solutes in the blood there will also be an increase in blood pressure. The ANP will help excrete water and the abundant amounts of salts that are in the body. As the blood travels to the kidney and reaches the nephron most of the filtrate will be extremely concentrated as it gets filtered through the glomerulus. Once the filtrate goes through tubular reabsorption only a selective few of solutes such as Na+, Cl-, and glucose (etc.) will be reabsorbed into the body

Kidney Disease What is Chronic Kidney Disease? Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss in kidney function. Every kidney has about a million tiny filters, which are nephrons. At the initial stage, healthy nephrons will take on the extra work when some nephrons are damaged. But if the damage continues, more and more nephrons shut down and even stop filtering blood effectively so that patients’ health will be affected. To be worse, kidney function falls below a certain point, which is kidney failure

(IVD) antibodies which are specific to biomarkers of renal parenchymal injury for pathology research. 1. Introduction of Renal Parenchymal Injury: The kidneys are absolutely vital part of our body and consist of millions of little filters called nephrons so that they can keep the balance of water and salt in the blood. More importantly, kidneys are able to filter the blood and remove the waste products from the blood, which later becomes urine and goes to the bladder. Subsequently, the blood is returned

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in Australia and also the world, it affects 1.4 million Australians a year. In 2013 13% of all deaths were caused by coronary heart disease. In 2012 7.4 million people died as a result of heart disease. Heart disease is the build up of plaque (fat deposit on the inner walls of the arteries) in the coronary arteries that supply O2 rich blood to the heart muscle, the build up of plaque is called atherosclerosis. Over time passes plaques may harden

Regulating the osmolarity can be accomplished by balancing the concentration of sodium ions with the correct volume of water. Sodium is the main ion that affects the osmolarity of extracellular fluids. The regulation of osmolarity must be assimilated with the regulation of water volume as any changes to one will affect the other. When you need more body fluids you will lose more water than sodium and the osmolarity of the body fluids will increase. The body must keep a certain amount of water however

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder categorized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys. Said cysts are filled with fluid and slowly replace most of the mass of the kidneys. This inevitably reduces kidney function and eventually leads to kidney failure. When PKD causes the kidneys to fail, which typically happens after many years, the patient requires dialysis or a kidney transplant. Approximately one-half of the people with the major form of PKD advance to kidney failure

Organs are components of our bodies, built of tissues, to perform functions crucial to our survival. Organs perform all of life’s processes; Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition. Organs work together to support our body. Organ failure occurs when an organ is unable to perform its functions partially or altogether. Failure in one organ can cause other organs in the body to come under stress and restrict body functions. In the long run organ failures