Tamoxifen Essays

Throughout my life adversity has always been present. Within my family alone I have struggled a lot with different health issues that have been affecting me since day one. Although some people may think of this as a negative thing in my life, I believe it to be positive because of the way that it has brought my family closer together. Since I was born all I have ever known was blood tester strips hiding in every spot in our house and car, the smell of insulin, and the familiar clunking of a dialysis

Pharmacokinetics of Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) of Tamoxifen was investigated following an oral dose of 20 mg tablet in eight healthy female volunteers. Plasma samples were collected at different time intervals following drug administration, and analyzed for Tamoxifen concentration by HPLC method. The mean ± SE (mean ± standard deviation) of Tamoxifen at 0.5 hour was calculated as 4.87 ± 0.82 ng/ml which shows drugs penetration in the blood immediately after oral dose. The minimum effective concentration

Abraham Flexner Historians revere and are reviled by Abraham Flexner. He advocated educational reform to keep pace with European models, but he also clearly believed that any kind of medicine other than allopathic was inferior. Being revered by forward thinking educators made him the ideal front man for the moneyed chemical cartel in America. Historian Joseph Goulden describes the process this way: “Flexner had the ideas, Rockefeller and Carnegie had the money, and their marriage was spectacular

growth and can outlive chemo, causing a patient to relapse. Tamoxifen Tamoxifen is a drug that is given to older women after they go through breast cancer treatment. It is designed to help prevent breast cancer in high risk patients. For Megan, Tamoxifen is not a medication she is willing to take because if she wants any hope of having another baby, she can’t afford to wait a few years. Her mindset is that there is a chance the Tamoxifen will jumpstart menopause, therefore making it impossible for

The fact that there are beings totally capable of feeling pain and appreciating that their lives are going to end is absolutely beyond dispute for any reasonable person. They are innocent, they are suffering. I am speaking, of course, of the 20,000 human beings who die from cancer each day. The only way to make new medicines and effective treatments for them, unfortunately, is to test them on animals. Animal research and testing is necessary to develop new medicines, treatments, and therapies for

Treatment of bosom malignancy Four sorts of standard treatment are utilized: 1. Surgery Most patients with bosom malignancy have surgery to expel the growth from the bosom. The fundamental objective of surgical treatment is to evacuate the growth and precisely characterize the phase of infection. Surgical choices extensively comprise of bosom protection treatment taken after by radiation treatment. Bosom rationing surgery, an operation to evacuate the growth however not the bosom itself,

Causes & Prevention Endometrial cancer can be caused by increased levels of estrogen. Estrogen is one of the main reasons because there is so much when a woman has never been pregnant, has late menopause, and early menstruation. Other causes can be Tamoxifen, a drug, inherited, polycystic ovary syndrome, body

have the ability to regenerate their heart up to 20% after amputation in about one month. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the importance and origin of former cardiomyocytes and how they serve a role in regeneration. A cre/lox plus tamoxifen system is used to manipulate genetic material in cardiomyocytes and determine its original lineage. A major key finding is that Zebrafish cardiac muscle cells minimally switch up their pattern of genetic expression to an earlier stage, which is seen

Nuclear receptors are a class of receptors that have the ability to bind ligands, steroid and thyroid hormones, in order to mediate the expression of specific genes in a cell***. There are two types of nuclear receptors in the family, type one and type two. Type one receptors require a ligand to be bound to the receptor so activation can be initiated** by a conformational change of the ligand, travel to the nucleus and associate to inverted repeat hormone response elements in DNA. Type two receptors

They are designed to attack molecular targets, whereas chemotherapy works rapidly killing normal and cancerous cells. The targeted cancer therapy ‘Tamoxifen citrate’ was discovered in 1966, but the first clinical trial approved by 1970 at the Christie Hospital in Manchester managing to increase survival rates for those suffering from breast cancer. Tamoxifen citrate is widely used to treat oestrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer that resulted in decreasing breast cancer. This was supported by

Thickened Endometrium The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus. Its thickness varies with a woman’s age, reproductive stage and specific point of her menstrual cycle. A thickened endometrium may or may not be a normal finding, depending on various factors of a woman’s menstrual stage. To evaluate endometrial thickening, ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used. Part 1: Normal Endometrial Thickness in Menstrual Cycle The endometrium normally changes in thickness and appearance

early twentieth century and then in the 1950s, her cancer is treated with both a mastectomy and radiation. The 1970s follow her surgery up with chemotherapy to reduce the chance of relapse and when her tumor tests positive for the estrogen receptor, Tamoxifen is also added to her treatment. It is hard to say for sure but it is estimated that seventeen to thirty years could have been added to her life. By the '90s it is discovered that Atossa has a gene mutation so her daughters are also tested as a way

animals, their sacrifice does not go in vain. Michael Brooks pointed out in his article titled The Truth About Animal Testing that, “In the 1990s, deaths from breast cancer dropped by nearly a third. Much of that success was due to the introduction of tamoxifen, a treatment that helps prevent breast cancer among those with a family history of the disease” (2012). He continues to explain that this discovery was made through the usage of mice with

Animal testing has been in existence for as long as recorded history. It has been used for various types of research, ranging from testing on mammals for understanding of blood circulation, which dates back to almost 1600 AD, to the introduction of the meningitis vaccine in 1992. It has given us loads of information regarding how to treat those who are ill or have diseases. Animal testing is taking us forward not only as a species, but as a civilization. There are multiple reasons why animals are

Pathologic grading is based on Modified Bloom Richardson scoring which utilizes three variables: gland-formation (tubularity), degree of variation in nuclear size and shape (pleomorphism), and ‘hyper chromatic figures’ as an estimate of proliferation(Bloom HJG et al 1957 and S. THORESENet al1982). The College of American Pathologists and the World Health Organization endorse this classification. The basic principle is summation of scores for the three variables, each of which is assigned from one

In this essay you will read about how scientists from Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania are coming up with healthier ways for people to get a tan. I will explain how the body chemically changes it’s skin tone when exposed to natural sunlight and how skin tone varies upon all people. At the end of my essay I will share my own thoughts on tanning and the importance of taking caution while tanning. The article New Pathways That Control Skin Tanning, Lightening

Materials and methods Standards and reagents Fatty acid methyl ester mix (PUFA No 3 from menhaden oil) was purchased from Supelco (USA). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, gallic-acid, phloroglucinol, 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ascorbic acid and BHT were purchased from Sigma-aldrich, (Germany); sodium carbonate, YPD medium and Mueller-Hinton agar were purchased from Merck (Germany); Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin and McFarland scale were purchase from Biomerieux (France). Methanol, n-Hexane and

Our weekly posts on the morcellator have mentioned the link between the defective medical device and women developing aggressive uterine cancer (uterine sarcoma). Our last post discussed a recent study showing how gynecologists are revamping their approach when it comes to hysterectomies. However, I think it’s important to inform you of the risk factors and symptoms of uterine cancer, whether or not you have undergone laparoscopic surgery with a power morcellator. Uterine cancer happens to be

Animal testing has been used since the 1400’s to better human health and has become increasingly used since the 19th century. Since then, animal testing has become very controversial with the appearance of animal rights groups and the topic of whether animal testing is morale or not. Because of this, rules and regulations such as the Federal Animal Welfare Act (1966) have been passed to ensure the welfare of the animals that are tested on. Still, the question of whether animal testing is morale and

Participation Portfolio 1 Asst 3: Henrietta Lacks Discussion Questions   Please answers each of the following questions, and be prepared to discuss in class   1. Please outline the history of Henrietta Lacks 's tissue cells. Who did what with the cells, when, where and for what purpose? Who benefited, scientifically, medically, and monetarily? 30year old Henrietta Lacks underwent radiation treatment for cervical cancer at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore In 1951. During her treatment, George