Ethanol Essays

Carotenoids are a family of pigmented compounds that are synthesized by plants and microorganisms Carotenoids are a family of pigmented compounds that are synthesized by plants and microorganisms but not animals. In plants, they contribute to the photosynthetic machinery and protect them against photo-damage (Rao and Rao, 2007). Carotenoids are synthesized de novo not only in all photosynthetic organisms, such as plants (including algae) and cyanobacteria but also in some non-photosynthetic bacteria and fungi (Lu and Li, 2008). It is estimated that nature produces about 100 million tons of carotenoids annually (Rodriguez-Amaya, 1997). Carotenoids represent a diverse group of pigments widely distributed in nature.

S. DRUG SUBSTANCE S1. General Information S1.1 Nomenclature Table 84 Nomenclature of Drug Substance International Nonproprietary Name (INN) Levofloxacin Hemihydrate Chemical Name 7H-Pyrido[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid, 9-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-7-oxo-hydrate (2:1), (S)-.(-)-(S)-9-Fluoro-2,3-dihydro-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-7-oxo-7Hpyrido[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid, hemihydrates Generic name Levofloxacin Hemihydrate CAS Number [138199-71-0] S1.2 Structure and attachment for structure of drug substance Table 85 Structure of Drug Substance Structural Formula : C18H20FN3O4 •½

At room temperature is a colorless gas with an odor similar to gasoline. It is an alkene used to manufacture rubber by addition polymerization. It has two C-C double bonds in its structure which allows the compound to form a wide variety of polymers including ABS. This compound is a toxic gas listed as a human carcinogen. Figure 2.

Introduction: Benzaldehyde and acetone in ethanol solvent undergoes cross aldol condensation reaction to give dibenzalacetone. This reaction known as the Claisen-Schmidt reaction. Reaction: The benzalacetone, formed as an intermediate. Benzalacetone once formed, then easily react with another molecule of benzaldehyde to give dibenzalacetone.

I. INTRODUCTION Different compounds can be classified based on the various chemical and physical properties such as solubility, conductivity, and melting point. Most of the chemical substances have unique features that allows sorting them to ionic, molecular, macromolecular and metallic compounds. Significantly, compounds divides into polar and non-polar, which can be checked by testing with polar and non-polar solvents. Electrical resistance related to the ability of the substance conduct electricity. Resistivity measured by ohmmeter classifies compound with under 2000 ohms as good conductors, which are usually aqueous ionic and solid metallic, between 2000-20,000 ohms as weak conductors, and above 20,000 ohms are non-conducting such as

3. Results The preliminary phytochemical screening of the roots of P. zeylanica showed the presence of sugars, steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, phenols, and tannins (Table 11). Alkaloid was seen in ethyl acetate and methanol extracts while terpenoid was noticed only in the chloroform extract. Flavonoid was present only in the methanol extract.

1.5.1.4 Method to prepare drug carrier There were various methods for the preparation of drug carrier depending on their nature. The common methods to prepare drug carrier were thin film hydration, reverse phase evaporation (REV), solvent (ether or ethanol) injection, and detergent analysis. a) Thin film hydration Thin film hydration method was one of the simplest way to prepare drug carrier.

Introduction: Quetiapine Fumarate (QF) is a psychotropic agent indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia and manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder. QF possesses good solubility in aqueous fluids (1) and ethanol. Quetiapine is available in the market with the brand name of Seroquel XL (2). Inadvertent, rapid drug release in a small period of time of the entire amount or a significant fraction of the drug contained in a prolonged release dosage form is often referred to as “dose dumping”. Jhonson F. et al.

TITLE The production of vinegar by acetic acid bacteria the isolation of isolation of acetic acid bacteria from apple cider vinegar ABSTRACT The aim of the experiment was to produce vinegar, isolate and identify Acetetobacter sp from vinegar. It was to determine the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar.

DETERMINATION OF PERCENTAGE ETHANOL IN BEVERAGES 1. Introduction to Gas Chromatography Gas chromatography is a very powerful separation technique for compounds that are reasonably volatile. The components of a sample partitions into two phases, the 1st of these phases is a immobile bed with a great surface area, and the other is a gas phase that permeates through the immobile bed. The sample is evaporated and passed by the mobile gas phase or the carrier gas through the column. Samples separates into the stationary liquid phase, based on their solubilities at the given temperature.

What’s the first thing that comes to your mind when I mention, ‘alcohol’? Do you picture yourself sitting at a bar with a drink in your hand, or maybe just simply cracking open a cold one with the boys? What if I were to tell you that the same substance found in your favourite adult beverages can be used to save lives? As surprising as it may seem, alcohol can be used to treat cancer.

The purpose of this experiment is to perform a two step reductive amination using o-vanillin with p-toluidine to synthesize an imine derivative. In this experiment, 0.386 g of o-vanillin and 0.276 g of p-toluidine were mixed into an Erlenmeyer flask. The o-vanillin turned from a green powder to orange layer as it mixed with p-toludine, which was originally a white solid. Ethanol was added as a solvent for this reaction. Sodium borohydride was added in slow portion as the reducing agent, dissolving the precipitate into a yellowish lime solution.

Tramadol is a synthetic opioid analgesic used to relief pain. It is an odorless powder, which is white, bitter, and crystalline in shape and it is readily soluble in water and ethanol. The molecular formula of tramadol is C16 H25 NO2 . HCl and figure 1 shows the chemical structure of tramadol. In the 1960s, Grünenthal GmbH developed tramadol.

Synthesis of 3-[5-(4-substituted) phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2yl]-2-styrylquinazoline-4(3H)-ones was carried out by following steps: Step 1: Synthesis of 4- substituted benzaldehyde semicarbazon51(2) Semicarbazide Hydrochloride (0.1M) and sodium acetate (0.2M) was added and dissolved in 15-20ml of distilled water placed in flat-bottomed flask. In a separate beaker containing required aromatic aldehyde (1) (0.1M) was dissolved in aldehyde free alcohol. This ethanolic aromatic aldehyde solution was added slowly to the solution of semicarbazide hydrochloride.

Cross Condensation of aldol 2015007632 Dowrie, K Contents Reaction 1 Introduction 1 Experiment Procedure 2 Experimental results 3 Table of calculations 3 Calculations 3 NMR 4 TLC 4 References 5 Reaction Introduction An aldehyde reaction is when aldehydes and keytones, both containing an α-hydrogen in the presence of an alkali group condenses and forms an enone. Acetone has α-hydrogens on each side. The proton can be removed and therefore giving a nucleophile anion. The aldehyde carbonyl is more reactive than the keytone and so it reacts rapidly with the anion.

2.3. Synthesis of 2-(2-(Morpholinomethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)acetohydrazide (4) To a solution of compound 3 (0.01 M, 2.89 g) in methanol (60 mL), 99% hydrazine hydrate (1 mL) was added and the mixture was refluxed for 6 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and the solid thus obtained was filtered, washed with cold water and recrystallized with ethanol to obtain the compound 4. 2.4.

final major of their metabolism. MICROORGANISMS PRODUCING 1, 2-PROPANEDIOL Wide ranges of bacteria are acknowledged at present to ferment sugars for 1, 2-propanediol. The manufacture of this diol accounted in bacteria and yeast. Enebo as early as in 1954 reported Clostridium thermobutyricum to generate 1, 2-propanediol.

Modeling on amount of alcohol in blood stream Contents: Page no. Communication Rationale Introduction Mathematical Presentation Derivation, graph and formulae Personal engagement Reflection Substantial evidence Use of mathematics Communication Rationale: One day I was reading a daily newspaper where I found an editorial on the topic of amount of drug in the blood stream. So I kept on thinking and at a result I realised to explore my internal assessment on this topic.

The purpose of this experiment was to learn about the electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions that take place on benzene, and how the presence of substituents in the ring affect the orientation of the incoming electrophile. Using acetanilide, as the starting material, glacial acetic acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid were mixed and stirred to produce p-nitroacetanilide. In a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask, 3.305 g of acetanilide were allowed to mix with 5.0 mL of glacial acetic acid. This mixture was warmed in a hot plate with constantly stirring at a lukewarm temperature so as to avoid excess heating. If this happens, the mixture boils and it would be necessary to start the experiment all over again.

thanol is the desired product for the experiment, and it can be produced in various methods. Traditionally, it can be produced by the fermentation of sugar, starches, or cellulose. Synthetic ethanol can also be produced from ethene with the use of steam and catalyst. In scheme 1, it shows the reaction of how ethene converts into ethanol. Using catalyst, often time H3PO4, and running the reaction in 300°C with high pressure and high steam, ethene will react with water and produces ethanol.