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AP Psychology Chapter Summary

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Recommended: Motivation concepts

Gibson Zachariah
PSY 101
2015/09/13
Study Guide Chapter 8

Definition of Motivation: The driving force that spurs one into action.
Ex: Many college students can’t motivate themselves to do work until exams begin, where the potential of failing spurns students everywhere into last minute cram sessions in the hopes they will pass.

Components of Motivation: Motivation includes those components strictly related to one’s survival and making sure one doesn’t die. This also ties in with the idea that each person strives to fulfill their biological needs. Specific motivations can be invoked by external goals or rewards, such as working to get money to buy a desired product or service. People are also driven by the desire to reach their own potential, …show more content…

This however only labeled instincts instead of explaining them, and as a result fell out around 1920.

Drive Theories – Believed behavior is motivated through desires and or unmet biological needs. When behavior reduces drive, it has a tendency to be repeated once it needs to be met again. A few psychologists by the names of Robert S. Woodworth and Clark L. Hull believed this to be homeostasis. This is the body attempting to regulate itself to a steady sustainable form.

Incentive Motivation – Believes that behavior is influenced through external goals or rewards. These help to bring out specific behavior.

Arousal Theory – When arousal is too low, we become bored. When it is too high, we seek to reduce it. A balance is needed from this and it varies from person to person. Thrill or sensation seekers from things like …show more content…

This occurs from stimuli or something else that stimulates someone sexually. Physically contact can also trigger this. In the case of males, blood rushes into the gentiles causing it to become erect, and in the female, the swelling of the clitoris and opening of the vaginal lips as well as it becoming lubricated. Nipples may become erect at this stage.

Plateau – Penis becomes fully erect and may secrete a few drops of liquid, and in the female the clitoris withdraws under the hood. Lubrication continues and the vaginal entrance tightens. Arousal will fluctuate in this and the excitement stage, as will the firmness of the penis and vaginal lubrication.

Orgasm – Third stage of and shortest stage of sexual cycle. Blood pressure reaches its peak and muscles in the vaginal walls and in the male muscles around the penis contract rhythmically during ejaculation. Men typically experience a single, very intense orgasm, whereas women can experience multiple orgasms.

Resolution – The male enters his refractory period, unable to have an erection or orgasm. Both sexes have a sense of

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