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Chapter 11 Ap Psychology

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1. Mary Ainsworth: The strange situation is a procedure in the 1970s to observe attachment relationships between a caregiver and a child. It applies to children between the age of 9 and 18 months. 2. Gordon Allport: He was one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of the personality, and is often referred to as one of the founding figures of personality psychology. He thought he couldn’t do anything else because that was his own personality. 3. Solomon Ash: He studied conformity and impression formation experiments. The conformity was class reporting length of lines. Participants spoke aloud. Incorrect judgement. 70% conformed on at least one of trials. 4. Albert Bandura: He composed an experiment where he studied children’s behavior …show more content…

Noam Chomsky: A contemporary psychologist, linguist, and political activist known both for his theory of innate grammar. 9. Paul Ekman: A pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions. 10. Albert Ellis: He created he first practical intelligence test. 11. Erik Erickson: He is most famous for coining the phrase identity crisis. He had the eight stages or moral development. 12. Sigmund Freud: One of his biggest ideas was that parents play a defining role in shaping the personalities and emotional health of their children. 13. Howard Gardner: He has discovered that there are numerous intelligences, in fact there are seven different intelligences. 14. Harry Harlow: His ground breaking research using monkeys to show maternal separation. His studies were significant because it led us to many breakthroughs in child psychology and helped find a base for this type of research. 15. William James: Known for his work in emotional psychology. He was a part of the James-Lange theory, which stated that our emotions are caused because of our interpretation of them. 16. Carl Jung: Known for his work on the personality theory. The largest difference between him and Feud is Jung proposed a collective unconscious, which is shared with the rest of the culture or …show more content…

Elizabeth Loftus: Known for her research in false memories. She was one of the lead psychologists on this topic and has been used as an expert witness in many cases. 19. Konrad Lorenz: He explored the concept of imprinting. Imprinting is the process by which organisms form attachments in its critical period early in life. He used baby birds and proved that they could imprint on other animals, not just birds. 20. Abraham Maslow: A humanistic psychologist who developed the theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth. 21. Stanley Milgram: He focused on obedience to authority. He had his participants in his experiments shock each other to see how the authority of the experimenter would affect the obedience of the participants (viewed as unethical). 22. Ivan Pavlov: He discovered the concepts of conditioning and classical conditioning. Did experiments with dogs to see if they would associate a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus to solicit a response. 23. Jean Piaget: He believed our interjection projection is driven by an unceasing struggle to make sense of our experiences. We first associate our experiences, and then accommodate them into

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1. (outside research!) What is Friedrich Froebel (1782-1852) famous for? Freidrich worked closely with psychology to invent the modern concept of kindergarten learning, he did this though teaching learning and play time in the class room.

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Margaret Floy Washburn There have been many great and influential psychologists. Many of them have made psychology what it is today. Margaret Floy Washburn was one of those people who Washburn was famous for being the first woman to earn a PH.D. in psychology, she got her degree in 1894 (Bumb). After getting her degree, she preceded to teach as a professor at Vassar College for 36 years.

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Scientific Era a) Biological roots Charles Darwin’s Evolution Theory Gives the framework of human behaviorism and functionalism. His method of comparison is significant in evolutionary psychology. b) Schools of Psychology Structuralism - the progenitor is Wilhelm Wundt and term coined by Edward Titchner. Wundt belief is that to analyze our own perceptions, there must be introspection. According to structuralists, mental processes are broken down into the sensations, images and feelings.

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Sigmund Freud is the first person to use psychology. He used this to make a Structure of Personality. He used 3 ideas to make the structure Id, Ego, and Superego. In Lord of the Flies, the author uses this structure of personality. In the book Lord of the Flies written by William Golding, he shows the structure of personality with Jack the Id, Ralph the Ego, and Piggy the Superego.

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Watson wanted to explore phobias through the process of conditioning. He believed that all behavior was a result of a stimulus-response relationship and he set out to prove it. Watson hypothesized that a child who shows a fearful response to loud noises has an innate unconditioned response. The Little Albert experiment took place in 1920 at John Hopkins University and was demonstrated by Watson himself, and colleague,

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He based his theory on three major influences, the first being Ethology, where he immediately noticed the unique relationships and two way bonds that a mother and child have. Second, Psychoanalysis, where he studied the emotional impact of relationships over the course of a person’s lifespan. Third, and probably the most influential was cognitive psychology, where he came to a scientific conclusion that all humans arrive at and organize their beliefs about themselves in relation to others in the World, based on mental models

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The experiment decreasing the times of pressing the button from 30 times (450V) to 10 times (150V) which reducing the level of distress. However, the results do not show many differences from 45 years ago – 90% of the participants pressed the 10th button. Another point of concern in the article by Dolinski et al (2017) is the level of disobedience might change because of the learner’s sex. The result has shown the refusal to continue the experiment is three times greater if the learner is female. Still, the sample of only 10% of participants failed to complete the whole experiment, the hypothesis could not be confirmed

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In 1963, a psychologist called Stanley Milgram began an experiment to prove Americans would not obey the same way the Germans had during world war two. However, what he discovered disproved this theory straight away. Although Milgram experiment was not without faults and had many ethical issues. His work has changed our view on conformity and has had a significant impact on the psychological field. Milgram's work has also inspired a lot of further research.

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The majority of the participants continued to a deathly amount of voltage. Some of the participants asked to stop the procedure or asked about the status of the learner but still finished the experiment. Only one- third of the teachers refused to finish the experiment due to the learner’s well-being. The use of deception caused the mental position of the participants to decrease, granted the participants were eventually briefed on the

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When the voltage gets even higher the learner starts exclaiming about his heart condition and that he does not want to continue. After this occurs the first participant is extremely put off that the learner is complaining about his heart and he refuses to go on. When the teacher is urged on repeatedly, he states that “it is not essential for him” and disassociates himself from the experimenter and experiment. This participant is now going against the Normative Social Influence, which refers to when individuals conform because of their need to be accepted. By disassociating himself and stressing that he did not care about the experiment, the participant rejected the need to be accepted because he did not agree with the experimenter’s

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The Little Albert experiment was a case study showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. The study also provides an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University. The results were first published in the February 1920 issue of the Journal of Experimental Psychology. After observing children in the field, Watson hypothesized that the fearful response of children to loud noises is an innate unconditioned response.

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These events marked the beginnings of psychology and lead to the development and evolvement of the career. Aside from G. Stanley Hall, Wilhelm Wundt (G. Stanley Hall’s professor) is another extremely influential historical figure who introduced the career to the world. Wilhelm Wundt, a German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, is known as the “father of psychology” for opening the first experimental psychology in the world. This single event recognized psychology as being a distinct discipline rather than it being a subfield of philosophy and biology. (Rathus S.,

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3. Psychological theories referred to main characters 3.1. Sigmund Freud: Psychodynamics Sigmund Freud, who lived from 1856 to 1939, was an Austrian neurologist and the primal father of psychology. He created an entirely new approach to understanding the human personality by separating the human conscious into three parts. Robert Louis Stevenson makes use of Freud’s theories.

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Bruner Jerome Bruner was born in 1915 in New York City. He is one of the best known influential psychologists of the twentieth century. He was one of the main people in the cognitive revolution. He had influenced greatly the field of education.

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