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Admiral Of The Ocean Sea By James Axtell Summary

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One of the first point the author James Axtell gave his opinion on was that Native Americans were clearly absent in the Columbian observance, while now they are the focus. The Native American loudly voice their perspective about what occurred in their heritage and their ancestries. They do no longer view the “Admiral of the Ocean Sea” as the focus of the attention. (Beyond 1492) In the beginning of the paragraph, the author stated how historians now shift their view of the past regarding the Native Americans. James Axtell wants the reader to take in consideration of both sides and treat each side equally. The author starts the essay but stating that historians view the period of 1492 or what people call the Columbian encounter. The so-called …show more content…

The author states that its history should be equal regarding the Native Americans. The Native Americans also shaped history and shaped the new world. The Indians had foreigners invade their lands yet treated them with respect and dignity. They offered them their best service and accepted them as their own. Yet, the Europeans did not view them as equal. They eventually started to settle in their lands, disrupting their fields, homes, and graves, started to push them out when they found a new settlement. Europeans wanted them to convert to Christianity and used the Indians as interrupters. Many Indians including the son of the chief were kidnapped. The Indians mortality rate increased due to diseases that were brought from the Europeans. Overall, this essay made me realize how history viewed the Indians during the colonial period. Imagine, a group of people invade a different country, start taking their lands, kidnap and use their people, make their people convert to our religion yet all this time they welcomed us and treated us with respect. It is hard to know what happened to the Indians as they sought their feelings through alcohol and were proud of their culture and their

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One such consequence of this Indian defeat was that there no longer existed a large population of Indians able to resist European expansion west into Indian land. This inability to resist against European expansion deep into Indian land and the establishment of English and French forts led to the suppression of native culture and the integration of European influence dominating Indian culture. With the expansion of European influence, also came the importance of trade as now many tribes relied upon the Europeans for guns and ammunition to protect themselves and go to war. Another example of this can be observed in the depiction of Indians, where the way they are described transitions from how, “earlier writing about the Indians had emphasized their potential for conversion, the King Philip’s War narratives transformed New England’s natives into irredeemable monsters.”

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Historians differ on what they think about the net result of the European arrival in the New World. Considering that the Columbian Exchange, which refers to “exchange of plants, animals, people, disease, and culture between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas after Columbus sailed to the Americas in 1492,” led to possibly tens of millions of deaths on the side of the American Indians, but also enabled agricultural and technological trade (Henretta et al. 42), I cannot help but reflect on whether the effects should be addressed as a historical or a moral question. The impact that European contact had on the indigenous populations of North America should be understood as a moral question because first, treating it as a historical question is difficult due to lack of reliable historical evidence; second, the meaning of compelling historical claims is contestable as the academic historian perspective tends to view the American Indian oral history as invalid; and finally, what happened to the native Indians is morally repulsive and must be discussed as such. The consequences of European contact should be answered as a moral question because historically, it is hard to be historically objective in the absence of valid and dependable historical evidence.

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Native Americans flourished in North America, but over time white settlers came and started invading their territory. Native Americans were constantly being thrown and pushed off their land. Sorrowfully this continued as the Americans looked for new opportunities and land in the West. When the whites came to the west, it changed the Native American’s lives forever. The Native Americans had to adapt to the whites, which was difficult for them.

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The author is explaining that everyone needs to know the true history of America not just by what is being told in history classes because it does not tell the real truth of the struggles and atrocities that Native Americans endured. Example, The Trail of Tears, the forced relocations of five tribes from the southeast of the United States. There was 100,000 Native people who had to cross nine states more than 5,000 miles on foot. There was more than 15,000 men, women, children and elderly that died. All of this due to the gold rush and the Indian Removal Act of 1830 by the U.S government.

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