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Admiral Of The Ocean Sea By James Axtell Summary

962 Words4 Pages

One of the first point the author James Axtell gave his opinion on was that Native Americans were clearly absent in the Columbian observance, while now they are the focus. The Native American loudly voice their perspective about what occurred in their heritage and their ancestries. They do no longer view the “Admiral of the Ocean Sea” as the focus of the attention. (Beyond 1492) In the beginning of the paragraph, the author stated how historians now shift their view of the past regarding the Native Americans. James Axtell wants the reader to take in consideration of both sides and treat each side equally. The author starts the essay but stating that historians view the period of 1492 or what people call the Columbian encounter. The so-called …show more content…

The author states that its history should be equal regarding the Native Americans. The Native Americans also shaped history and shaped the new world. The Indians had foreigners invade their lands yet treated them with respect and dignity. They offered them their best service and accepted them as their own. Yet, the Europeans did not view them as equal. They eventually started to settle in their lands, disrupting their fields, homes, and graves, started to push them out when they found a new settlement. Europeans wanted them to convert to Christianity and used the Indians as interrupters. Many Indians including the son of the chief were kidnapped. The Indians mortality rate increased due to diseases that were brought from the Europeans. Overall, this essay made me realize how history viewed the Indians during the colonial period. Imagine, a group of people invade a different country, start taking their lands, kidnap and use their people, make their people convert to our religion yet all this time they welcomed us and treated us with respect. It is hard to know what happened to the Indians as they sought their feelings through alcohol and were proud of their culture and their

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748 Words | 3 Pages

In the book written by James W. Loewen, Loewen studies the biases of an ordinary history class, beginning each chapter with quotes from various historical figures. Loewen indicates that the root of the problems Loewen discusses comes from the history textbook itself. This being said the textbook gives a dull, culturally biased description of the past, often alienating readers such as Latinos, Native Americans, and African Americans. Throughout Loewen’s chapter four, there are many ways in which Loewen discusses the Native Americans to be talked about more highly than the Natives should be. The Native Americans were talked about in many negative ways, and the Natives are said to have been “lied about” more often than any other portion of the

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One such consequence of this Indian defeat was that there no longer existed a large population of Indians able to resist European expansion west into Indian land. This inability to resist against European expansion deep into Indian land and the establishment of English and French forts led to the suppression of native culture and the integration of European influence dominating Indian culture. With the expansion of European influence, also came the importance of trade as now many tribes relied upon the Europeans for guns and ammunition to protect themselves and go to war. Another example of this can be observed in the depiction of Indians, where the way they are described transitions from how, “earlier writing about the Indians had emphasized their potential for conversion, the King Philip’s War narratives transformed New England’s natives into irredeemable monsters.”

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Historians differ on what they think about the net result of the European arrival in the New World. Considering that the Columbian Exchange, which refers to “exchange of plants, animals, people, disease, and culture between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas after Columbus sailed to the Americas in 1492,” led to possibly tens of millions of deaths on the side of the American Indians, but also enabled agricultural and technological trade (Henretta et al. 42), I cannot help but reflect on whether the effects should be addressed as a historical or a moral question. The impact that European contact had on the indigenous populations of North America should be understood as a moral question because first, treating it as a historical question is difficult due to lack of reliable historical evidence; second, the meaning of compelling historical claims is contestable as the academic historian perspective tends to view the American Indian oral history as invalid; and finally, what happened to the native Indians is morally repulsive and must be discussed as such. The consequences of European contact should be answered as a moral question because historically, it is hard to be historically objective in the absence of valid and dependable historical evidence.

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Historians who practice historiography agree that the writings from the beginning of what is now known as the United States of America can be translated various ways. In James H. Merrell’s “The Indians’ New World,” the initial encounters and relationships between various Native American tribes and Europeans and their African American slaves are explained; based on Merrell’s argument that after the arrival of Europeans to North America in 1492, not only would the Europeans’ lives drastically change, but a new world would be created for the Native Americans’ as their communities and lifestyles slowly intertwined for better or worse. Examples of these changes include: “deadly bacteria, material riches, and [invading] alien people.” (Merrell 53)

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