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Affective Labor Literature Review

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Literature Review

Since this work aims to take on a new approach to fandom studies, namely putting male idols under the framework of affective labor and focusing on the emerging relationships between fans and idols, several theories need to be addressed in this section.
First we need to consider not only what affective labor is and how it can be applied in this case study but also look at other parts of the Japanese entertainment industry where affective labor is visible. Hardly any attention has been paid to this connection and therefore affective labor is rarely explicitly mentioned but the thought of affective labor being a key element to Japanese entertainment industry should become clear throughout this chapter. A second important point …show more content…

Affective labor is becoming more and more important in many economies and a lot of workers - whether consciously or unconsciously - engage in it. But how exactly is affective labor defined. Affective labor is often also called emotional labor or immaterial labor. Hochschild described the labor of flight attendants and bill collectors in an attempt to give an ample description of what emotional labor is and how it works. According to her
"the term emotional labor ...mean[s] the management of feeling to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display; emotional labor is sold for a wage and therefore has exchange value. I use the synonymous terms emotion work or emotion management to refer to these same acts done in a private context where they have use value. " (Hochschild 2003, p.7)
Lazzarato talks about "immaterial labor, which is defined as the labor that produces the informational and cultural content of the commodity" (Lazzarato 1996, p.p.132). Hardt defines affective labor as work that "produces...social networks, forms of community, biopower" (Hardt 1999, …show more content…

"Jobs of this type have three characteristics in common. First, they require face-to-face or voice-to-voice contact with the public. Second, they require the worker to produce an emotional state in another person - gratitude or fear, for example. Third, they allow the employer, through training and supervision, to exercise a degree of control over the emotional activities of employees." (Hochschild 2003,

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Anyone in this occupation needs to have good listening skills, be very organized, and be able to show anyone compassion in a stressful situation. All the traits listed are all of the traits

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Throughout the many texts we have read throughout the semester, these stories have introduce characters who engage more physical labor than artistic (spiritual) labor. These characters become fully aware of what physical labor can do to a person. There are some characters that take full pride into their work while others who are ashamed and disgust in what they do. But in the end, in these texts, most of the characters who does manual labor believes that their job is twice as harder and take in more pride in their work than an artistic worker. In Spiegelman's "Maus I & II", Vladek uses his skills to get many different jobs for his survival and for that reason, he looks down on the work that his son Artie does.

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This is mainly to do with the acting involved in emotional labour which falls under the three types of Surface, Deep and Genuine acting. Each of the types of acting has distinguishable differences which enable us to be able to identify the differences between the two. Both Surface and Deep are so evidently demonstrated by workers whilst performing in their retail industry jobs. In relation to the acting type of Surface acting, workers trick their customers which creates a distraction from what they are really feeling without tricking themselves as workers (Hochschild, 2003). This kind of acting can be carried out by workers through various means and is done for the sake of the

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In the restaurant context, a restaurant is like a stage for service staffs to perform their service to the customers (Schechner, 1988). Therefore, this is important to service staffs to know as emotional labor how to service customers with the right knowledge of display appropriate facial and bodily movement. The service staffs are expected to create a good impression to the customers by control their bodies, personalities and emotions purposely which means the things that they are doing may not be what they feel or a genuine (Hochschild, 1983). According to Karla Erickson in “Bodies at work: Performing service in American restaurants”, she has discussed how workers use their bodies in their work to serve customers and create positive experience

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Hochschild does not provide solutions for improving the situation or minimizing negative effects of emotional labor. Mandating specific emotional professionalism in addition to physical labor requires sufficient mental labor that exceeds that previously required, making the modern style of labor much more demanding than that of the past. Moreover, this could result in a feeling of disconnect within workers between what they feel and the feelings they gather and portray when they are on duty. Overtime, the constant need of being emotionally ‘on’ may dull the worker’s personal emotions, leading to a strewed sense of self. However, it is arguable that as service industry occupations increase and takeover manual labor, the need for emotional labor will only

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Emotions are what propel you forward to reach your goal, but what also stop you from breaking your limits. They are what weigh into our decisions and help lead us to the choices we forever live with. Not only can they determine what we do, but also when and how we do it. At times they are stronger than others, pulling us forward or throwing us back as if we have absolutely no control. Just like in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the entire lives of two teenagers led by the emotions that they couldn’t ignore.

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The main concept of alienated labor was developed by Karl Marx in his early work Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts from 1844 - First Manuscript [Estranged Labor]. As defined, the concept of alienation is profoundly embedded in religions and social and political theories, the possibility that some time in the past individuals feeling like foreigners in the world, however, sooner or later this distance would be overcome and humankind would again harmony with itself and Nature (Encyclopedia of Marxism). Formed from Private Property, the political economy that is Capitalism divided society into two classes¬ - Property owners and Property-Less workers. By exploitation and estrangement, these classes become further designated as masters

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Introduction: In 2011, famous American psychologist, Marsha Linehan, removed herself from solitude and spoke out about her struggle with a mental illness, expressing feelings of “being in hell” and memories of being in an institute of living at age seventeen. Although psychologists and mental health experts seem to be one of the strongest assets to society in a mental aspect, they tend to struggle with mental illness more than the general population. Linehan 's confession, was a shock to many, and it should come as a surprise that she is one of many mental health professionals that lives with a mental illness. Although psychologists struggle with mental health issues more than the general population, it may be helpful to their profession.

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This job comes with many expectations, abilities, and hardships that you are already expected to be able to accomplish and engage throughout work every single day. It also comes with events and situations that are never the same each time and this gives a person the need to be able to adapt and establish a sense of continuous adjustment. This job entails giving a person in need all of their necessities and helping them with daily life such as eating, getting dressed, physically moving, and engaging in thoughts and advice. This is something that has to come naturally to a person in order for the job to be done well and I have grown to discover that I have a knack for this type of environment and enjoy picturing myself in this field of work in the future as well. This has shown me how I can handle these situations and the gratification after the job is done well which is a feeling that is irreplaceable.

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In addition, employees who experience more positive emotions at work make greater contributions to organizational effectiveness and, when people are in a good mood, they are more sociable, less aggressive, and better able to recall positive information (Pinder, 1998). Also, those employees who are more positive possess higher confidence, optimism, self-efficacy, likability, and sociability, which in turn, making them more satisfied with their job and increases workplace achievement (Lyubormirsky, King, & Diner, 2005). Happy employees bring their happiness from the office to their home and they also transfer their happiness from their home to the office (Lyubormirsky et. al,

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In today 's society it is difficult to connect to someone on a personal level, but anime is doing just that. Anime is popular with many different types of people around the world and has been one of Japan’s most lucrative businesses since 1798 (Aoki). Anime and its subculture is misunderstood by most Americans, who are unable to recognize the allure of them. To comprehend this ever expanding subculture, people need to understand the enticement of anime, which is feeling connected to something bigger than themselves. Anime and its subculture is important to study because this particular subculture reflects where our entertainment videos and televisions is expanding to.

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Management of emotions is the capability to link or detach from feelings based on its effectiveness in given

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