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All Ravens Is Logically Equivalent

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If the phrase “all ravens are black” (statement 1) is logically equivalent to the statement “everything non-black is a non-raven” (statement 2), with the latter seeming to be confirmed by “this apple is green”, then “all ravens are black” should be too. However, this does not seem to be the case—but why isn't it? In the next couple hundred words I hope to explain my theory that the two statements are not, in fact, as equivalent as one might assume from the phrase “logically equivalent”. First, let me say that logically equivalent is not the same as equivalent. Logically equivalent refers to the equivalence of truth values between expressions, while equivalent refers more or less to two or more things being identical. Sharing identical truth values does not necessarily make the expressions identical in-themselves/in form. …show more content…

Statement 1 describes the relationship stated previously in terms of “ravens”, while statement 2 describes the same relationship in terms of “non-black”. To illustrate this point a little more clearly we can remove the terms and re-write the statements as follows: All As are Bs (statement 1) and All Bs are As (statement 2). (The explanation for the alteration of statement 2 is simplification: everything is equivalent to all, with this change we then have the statement “all non-black [things] are non-raven” which allows for the two statements to have a more identical appearance.) In the “new” statement 1, Bs are identified in terms of As, and in the following statement 2, As are identified in terms of

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Further, I have always seen such utterances as “there is a God” as axiomatic, and if I can liken this statement to the parable above then I also fail to see how “analogous” statements like “there isn’t a God” as significantly different. For each statement the criteria for the confirmation or refutation of them are quasi-arbitrarily set. In example, for the first explorer the presence of the garden is enough to confirm that there is a gardener who tends to it, and therefore he makes his statement, for the other explorer, his inability to find the gardener with his battery of tests is enough to confirm that there isn’t one, and he makes his. In essence, each “assertion” is irrefutable because the criteria for the confirmation or refutation of the statements are set by those making them and employed in ways to confirm the hypothesis of either. One is saying that that which cannot be found exists (outside the context of the “axiom” that there is a gardener) and the other that what

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The poem makes some allusions, for example when referring to the bust of shovels, refers to the bust of atene or atena or "shovels athena" ie the crow perches on the Greek goddess of wisdom, civilization, war, art and strategy . "That bird or demon" rests on wisdom, according to the author of the poem, the time of year in which the poem is located is December, a month of much magic, but the most important allegory is the raven itself, "bird of the demon "" that comes from the plutonic riviera of the night "also refers to the crow as a messenger from beyond, in a few words it refers to the Roman god Pluto of the underworld, its equivalent for the Greeks was hades as a curious fact the Romans instituted exclusive priests to plutón called "victimarios" of all the Roman gods plutón was the most ruthless and feared, then the crow was a messenger of the beyond, perhaps invoked by that "old book, rare and of forgotten science", during the poem was speaks of seraphim that perfumed the room, with censers, according to the Christian angelology the seraphim have the highest ranks in the celestial hierarchy, since they are not made in image and Likeness of God, rather they are part or essence

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