Arnstein's Typology

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Typology classifies things according to a clear framework. The typology would be useful to: 1. Help to understand differences 2. Help to understand context a. Arnstein Model Arnstein developed her typology to address the confusing and rhetoric of the term civic participation, which was widely used in government-speak. Her typology was designed to be provocative by readdressing the balance of power between public and government. Arnstein describes the level of participation is represented by eight steps of ladder where each step represents the level of participation from the community (Arnstein 1969). Source: Arnstein (1969) 1. Manipulation is the lowest level of participation. The manipulation stage, people are use to give consent only in