Aromatic Ring

In the process of performing a synthesis that include and aromatic ring there are several characteristics that need to taken into consideration such as, are there any substituents attached to the aromatic ring and if so, the type of substituent is important. Depending on the substituent that is bonded to the aromatic ring affects the position of additional substituents that are added. The substituents that are present on the aromatic ring can be identified as either as activating groups or deactivating groups. Activating groups direct the substituent being added to the ortha or para position, where as the deactivating directs to the meta position (Substituent Effects, n.d). Activating groups are the substituents that act as electron donators;

This is the addition of bromine. As stated before in order to get the results wanted some times the use of a protection group is required and this is conducted before the bromination. If a protection group is utilized that mean and deprotection group is required, which does exactly what it sounds like and removes the protection group. The results are an aromatic with and aromatic ring with its original substituent in addition to the newly added

Instead adding bromine to just the para position it would add it to both ortho positions and the para position. Acetanilide was not synthesized by refluxing a mixture of aniline and acetic anhydride because the high temperature might have caused the synthesis of a diacetylated product instead. Also the reason that sodium hydroxide could not be used instead of sodium acetate is because the sodium hydroxide would react with the acetic anhydride and consume it, preventing the acetic anhydride from reacting with the aniline. This is explained by C4H6O3 + NaOH → C2H4O2 + C2H3NaO2. Referring to the proton NMR of acetanilide in the lab manual, the first peak from the right represents the protons on the methyl group bonded to the carbonyl. The second peak from the right represents the proton on the aromatic ring directly across from the substituent or the 4th carbon on the ring. The third peak from the right represents the protons on the 3rf and 5th carbon of the ring. The fourth peak represent the protons on the 2nd and 6th carbons on the ring and the last peak all the way to the left represents the proton bonded to the nitrogen. The proton NMR for p-bromoacetanilide and p-bromoaniline will both have three peaks. For p-bromoacetanilide there will be a peak a approximately 2.0 ppm for the protons on the