1. Metaphysics study what is real. Metaphysical questions are: There aren't any ghosts! Is it true? Does God exist? Is that real?
2. The problem with equivocation is that Equivocation switch between multiple argument and discussion. They can’t tell the truths because when the meaning of a word changes, pretext, and the context change too, and we can’t rely on the previous argument.
3. Reality1 = the sum total of all that is real. . Reality2 = a person's experience of reality1. . Reality3 = a person's belief about reality1.
4. Charles Sanders Peirce wished to distinguish himself from the other pragmatists because pragmatists believe there was no reality1, but Peirce believe there is a reality1, and humans can have better understanding what
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Text “we should not accept that there are multiple realities1” mean that we shouldn’t accept literal, there are some realities that don’t exist. There are multiple realities like 2 and 3. These realities aren’t separate; There are different beliefs and experiences of what is real.
6. The term metaphysics referred to Aristotle writings on physics made by Andronicus after Aristotle's death. Philosophy attempts to understand the nature of reality, invisible or visible. Whether human, divine and anything else. It attempts to tell what the truth.
7. Popular Metaphysics is concerned with the nature of reality. Metaphysics relates to two traditionally contrasted. Mysticism refers to experiences of unity with the ultimate, interpreted as the God who we love. Occultism, refer to the extension of knowing the thing like (psychokinesis, telepathy, precognition, mediumship, clairvoyance, and retrocognition.)
8. Metaphysics has many subdivisions like ontology, they ask questions that involve with existence: What is Being? What is real? What exists? What are things made of (properties and substances)? Cosmology, which asks about everything from space, reality, and matter. Then axially which asks about values, are they ordered? Or do they
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George Berkeley was an Anglican bishop from Ireland who challenged the commonsense notion that matter exists autonomously. He believes that material substance cannot be real beyond the mind because inanimate objects don’t have the ability to operate as agents. It is foolish and nonsensical to designate the causal qualities of humans, or spirits.
11. Skeptical Idealism - Only ideas from the argument that there is no proof that material objects exist. . Problematic Idealism - The belief associated with Descartes that we can only rationally believe one empirical truth, like "I exist." . Dogmatic Idealism - Argument that "space" is inseparable from all objects, and that space can't exist by itself. Therefore, its nothing in space can exist and are merely images.
12. Dualistic perception of reality meant that the idea that body and mind exist, but they are separate. It true that there is a spiritual aspect and physical aspect, and they are separate.
13. Existentialism is a philosophical movement or tendency that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice. It influenced many diverse writers in the 19th and 20th centuries. They focused on what humans could know for certain. We know that we exist and that we are aware of that existence. We are aware that there are things that exist that do not appear to be aware and do not have