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Biological Theory Of Depression

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Two biological theories for the underlying cause of Major Depressive Disorder: Monoamine hypothesis versus the Neurotrophic theory Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) more commonly regarded to as Depression is the leading cause of years lived with a disability according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) (Reddy, 2010) and affects approximately 121 million people across the globe. According to the diagnostic criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM-IV-TR, 2000) for a person to be diagnosed with MDD they must experience at least five of the nine listed symptoms. One of the symptoms had to be either a depressed mood, or if diagnosing children, an irritable mood; or a loss in interest in most daily activities. Some of …show more content…

Here there will be an emphasis on two core biological theories, the monoamine hypothesis and the neurotrophic hypothesis. The monoamine hypothesis is one of the pioneering hypotheses based on the assumption that a depletion in certain monoamines, in particular serotonin (5HT) and norepinephrine (NE) can lead to depressive symptoms. The neurotrophic hypotheses is an alternative hypothesis that assumes the underlying biological basis of depression is due to an alteration in the synthesis of proteins that are required for neurogenesis and synapse …show more content…

Asberg, Traskman and Thoren (1976) looked at whether the serotonergic system was dysfunctional in depression and found lower levels of a major serotonin metabolite called 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) recorded in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in depressed patients. Asberg et al’s (1976) study consisted of 68 participants who were patient’s moderate or severe depression who had been inpatients for at least five days in hospital. The results presented a bimodal distribution of the 5-HIAA which indicated significantly decreased levels compared to the control group. Asberg et al (1976) inferred from the results that the low 5-HIAA levels present in the CSF could be a predictor of suicidal behaviour in moderate to severely depressed

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The video “Ride the Tiger: A guide through the Bipolar Brain” introduced and explored new insights in brain science that are being used to create new and more effective treatments for Bipolar and depression. It is important to understand about how the biological components of these disorders affect our patents and how effective medication can be. I can use this information to guide clinical decisions when working with clients who suffer from Bipolar or Depression. Initially, this video gave me a greater understanding about how much biology affects these disorders and the importance of incorporating referrals to a psychiatrist is in our work. Using medication to address these disorders can be a life and death issue because of the prevalence of suicide risk associated with them.

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Unfortunately, many individuals thinks that depression is not a real disease. They think that this person creates its own negative thoughts, that they are the one creating their depression. But in reality, depression is a real disease. However, in our present state of knowledge, we do not know which component regarding the clinical picture of depression is primary, or whether they are external manifestations of some unknown pathological process (Beck, A.,1972, p.4). Lepine definitely needed treatments, what he never had.

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This Article “Depression, Asthma, and Bronchodilator Response in a Nationwide Study of US Adults” objective is to find if there is a connection between depressive symptoms and BDR or asthma in US adults. The United States alone has 16 million adults that suffer once a year from one major depressive disorder. Also, asthma affects nearly 28 million adults in the US and is also a major public health issue around the world. Even though asthma and depression have been linked with each other, it is still not clear if anxiety symptoms explain this association. But, to get some more statistics they did The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to get the nutritional and health status of adults and children in the United States.

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The DSM-5 indicates that individuals who meet the diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder must demonstrate five or more symptoms that are present simultaneously for at least a two week period, which are significantly different from their normal functioning, (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2015). DSM-5 diagnostic criteria requires at least one of the symptoms to be depressed mood or the loss of interest in things that were once pleasurable. Research suggests that Major Depressive Disorder is highly recurrent. Many clients, who are diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder, have elevated stress levels that cause them to experience recurrent episodes, (Bos, Bouhuys, Geerts, van Os, & Ormel, 2007; van Loo, Aggen, Gardner, & Kendler, 2014).

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Compare and contrast biological and psychological explanations of major depression Major depression is an illness that plagues society. It can be labeled as “a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness and hopelessness that can last for weeks and/or months at a time,” (Fahoum, n.d.). Loss of interests, low self-esteem, and negativity can all be symptoms experienced by someone with major depressive disorder. In this essay, similarities and differences will be apparent in the biological and psychological explanation of this disorder. Biological explanations meaning genetic conditions and psychological meaning the way people interpret things internally or mentally.

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Throughout the nation and our world people are suffering from this disease. Depression effects people of both genders, all ages, and any background. The history of mental illness, specifically depression were extremely helpful in today’s treatment and diagnosis. We know that all individuals are different and because of this, we can assume that each case of mental illness, more specifically depression, is unique in its own way as well. One treatment that is very effective for one person may not be equally as effective in a similar case simply because of the differences in patients.

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These types includes: clinical depression, bipolar/manic depression, dysthymic disorder as well as postnatal depression (Hypnotherapy-directory, 2016). Depression is not only a single disorder; it has an inclusive amount of clinical concepts including mild mood disturbance which can occur in an anxious person to many lethal medical illnesses. Nonetheless, disorders including psychotic depression, unipolar or other mood disorders would be referred to as clinical depression (Heap 2012). This study will be looking at all the different types as a

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The idea that neural activity and lack of serotonin production can be a propel for depression,

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Biological Explanations of Depression The biological explanations of depression refers to two factors one being neurotransmitter dysfunction and the other being inherited genes. The biological approach towards the neurotransmitter would explain how depression is associated with low levels of serotonin within the brain which would affect the functioning of the brain. This is associated with maladaptive behavior e.g. anger, mood disorder and anxiety. In terms of inherited genes the biological approach

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Mood disorders are among the most prevalent forms of mental illness. Severe forms of depression affect 2%–5% of the U.S. population, and up to 20% of the population suffers from milder forms of the illness. Depression is almost twice more common in females than males. ( (Nestler et al., 2002). Depression is often described as a stress-related disorder, and there is good evidence that episodes of depression often occur in the context of some form of stress.

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The behavioral theory of depression postulates that depression is caused by a lack of response-contingent positive reinforcement from Joseph’s environment and too many instances of punishment (e.g., Lewinsohn et al., 1980). Behavioral activation techniques are designed to help Joseph become more actively involved in daily activities by participating in activities that provide with opportunities to experience gratification, fulfillment and/or accomplishment. Behavioral techniques (e.g., activity monitoring/scheduling, pleasant events scheduling, acting “as if”, and others) can intervene directly into Joseph’s daily behaviors. These new healthy behaviors can the cognitive change that is necessary for Joseph to begin to see that his life can

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The depressive syndrome is characterized by the presence of a predominantly depressive and/or

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3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine better known as MDMA or by its street name of ecstasy or Molly is a man-made, psychoactive drug that is mainly used now days by young “ravers” to get high and have hallucinogen effects. It makes one feel that they have increased energy, exhilaration and emotional warmth. This drug highly distortions ones senses and time perception. Today I will demonstration to you the effects that MDMA have on ones Neurophysiology, behavior and how greatly harmful it may be on ones body. MDMA or ecstasy has increased as a recreational drug since 2007.

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Questioning the Incomprehensible Mental illness is defined as health conditions involving changes in thinking, emotion or behavior (or a combination of these) (American Psychiatric Association). There are different types of depression and they effect people differently also. With major depression working, sleeping, eating and spending time with friends and family becomes difficult to do because there is the constant feeling of hopelessness. Seeing that I have family and friends who suffer from depression, I wanted to learn more and see why people who are depressed think the way they do, what goes on inside their head to make them feel hopeless and if medication is the only way to help deal with depression even though for some people medicine doesn’t fully help them. What is the science behind depression and what makes a person’s brain chemistry without depression different from someone who suffer with depression?

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Personal narrative Depression can be a monster and destroy the lives of people, but in my case it help me express my emotions better by helping me be more honest with myself. Depression has never been alien to me. Since middle school I have danced with the devil. I do not know what triggered it then, but it was mostly likely hormones. Despite that ever looming sadness over my head, I was still doing well in school, at least as best as I could do, I still hung out with people and I was still social when I had to be.

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