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The Importance Of Biosynthesis

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Biosynthesis Pathway

A biosynthesis pathway describes the steps that take place in a chemical reaction which occurs when living organisms create new molecule from simpler ones. The word "biosynthesis" comes from two words: "bio," which means that the reaction is occurring in living organism and "synthesis," which indicates that large products are made up by simpler molecules. To describe a pathway completely some compounds are involved which includes such as which enzymes, coenzymes and cofactors are used in each reaction.
Not all molecules are synthesized by humans, some molecules such as some essential amino acids i.e. lysine, these nutrients come from the protein rich food we consume including beans. Cells generally synthesize only those …show more content…

The C-3 hydroxyl group is esterified to phosphoric acid. The resulting compound, called phosphatidate, is the simplest phosphoglycerate. Only small amounts of phosphatide are present in membranes. However, it is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of the other phosphoglycerides. Figure 7: Biosynthesis of Phospholipids Sphingosine Sphingosine is an amino alcohol that contains a long, unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. In sphingomyelin and glycolipids, the amino group of sphingosine is linked to FAs by an amid bond. In sphingomyelin the primary hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphoryl choline. In glycolipids, the sugar component is attached to this group. The simplest glycolipid is cerebroside, in which there is only one sugar residue, either Glc or Gal. More complex glycolipids, such as gangliosides, contain a branched chain of as many as seven sugar residues.
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Sphingosine - IUPAC Name: (2S,3R)-2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol
Sphingosine:is synthesized from palmitoyl CoA and serine in a condensation required to yield

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The ability to carry out metabolic processes, or the chemical activity that occurs in all living organisms, is essential to maintaining life. The total metabolism of an organism is made up of anabolic and catabolic pathways. Anabolic pathways expend energy to build important molecules. On the other hand, catabolic pathways release energy to break down important molecules. The energy found in in these pathways is from respiration.

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Each amino acid is made up of an amino group, a carboxyl group and a side chain (Reece, J. B., Urry, L. (2016). Campbell biology. Boston Pearson). Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy of the reaction making the reaction produce faster. Enzymes begin to catalyze chemical reactions with the binding of the substrate to the active site on the enzyme.

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Introduction: What are enzymes? Chemical reactions that take place in living cells are known as metabolic reactions. There are two types of reactions: • Anabolic Reaction (Constructive) • Catabolic Reaction (Destructive)

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The human body consists of enzymes which allow foods to be broken down and enable organisms to build chemical substances such as other proteins, carbohydrates and fats that are necessary for life. This experiment will be testing the enzymatic reactions with toothpicks. This experiment depicts the process when a substrate binds with an enzyme. However, only a specific substrate can attach to a specific enzyme. This allows the substrate to attach to the enzyme and then disconnect the enzyme overall causing the substrate to break in two.

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Intro: Chemical reactions are the foundation for all organisms to exist. Paragraph 1: Endergonic Anabolic Reactions Building Consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones Uphill Photosynthesis Uses water and carbon dioxide to create sugar and oxygen Protein synthesis from amino acids Dehydration reaction Monomers are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of water Bonds are created which means energy is used Endergonic Exergonic Breaking Release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules

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Sphingolipids and the CNS Sphingolipids encompass a complex range of membrane lipids in which a fatty acid is linked to a long sphingosine carbon backbone, primarily C18-sphinganine (18:0) and C18-sphingosine (C18:1) in mammals. Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the sphingolipid metabolic pathway. Ceramide is central in sphingolipid metabolism and is produced by de novo and recycling pathways.37 In de novo synthesis, serine and palmitoyl-CoA are substrates of serine palmitoyl-transferase (SPT), the rate limiting enzyme that generates ketosphinganine (bottom). Ketosphinganine is reduced to form sphinganine, which is then N-acylated with fatty acids of different chain lengths by ceramide synthases (CerS), producing dihydroceramides.

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Enzymes are proteins that significantly speed up the rate of chemical reactions that take place within cells. Some enzymes help to break large molecules into smaller pieces that are more easily absorbed by the body. Other enzymes help bind two molecules together to produce a new molecule. Enzymes are selective catalysts, meaning that each enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction. The molecules that an enzyme works with are called substrates.

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