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Chemical Reactions Lab Report

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Intro: Chemical reactions are the foundation for all organisms to exist. Paragraph 1: Endergonic Anabolic Reactions Building Consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones Uphill Photosynthesis Uses water and carbon dioxide to create sugar and oxygen Protein synthesis from amino acids Dehydration reaction Monomers are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of water Bonds are created which means energy is used Endergonic Exergonic Breaking Release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules Downhill Cellular respiration Glucose and other organic fuels are broken down to carbon dioxide and water Energy stored in glucose becomes available for cell to use Hydrolysis Water is added to break the bonds between monomers Broken bonds release energy Exergonic Paragraph 2: Photosynthesis Anabolic Light energy is converted to chemical energy and used to produce organic compounds. Photosynthesis consists of two stages, the light reactions and the dark reactions. The light reactions convert light into energy (ATP and NADHP) Occurs in thylakoid stacks of grana Sunlight is converted into ATP (free energy containing molecule) and NADPH (high energy electron carrying molecule) Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and starts a chain of …show more content…

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is made up of a nitrogenous base called adenine and three phosphate groups that are both attached to a ribose molecule. The three phosphates are all negatively charged, causing a repulsion between all the molecules- making ATP a loaded spring. When hydrolyzed, ATP loses an inorganic phosphate to create ADP (adenosine diphosphate). This makes the molecule more stable. Specific enzymes then help couple the energy and transfer a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule. Because this energy is released, the process of exergonic. Cells can absorb the energy released to fuel endergonic

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The stomata are the most critical piece to this process, as this is where CO2 enters and can be stored, and where water and O2 exit. Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life. This process is done by cells exchanging gases within its surroundings to create adenosine triphosphate commonly known as ADT, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through numerous reactions; an example is metabolic pathway.

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In cellular respiration, your body uses glucose and oxygen in a process to make energy. The glucose is split in the cytoplasm of your cell, then its atoms go through a complex process which turns them into ATP, a useable energy source for your body. ATP can either be used, or stored in lipids for long term use. Lipids are one of the most diverse macromolecules because of the many functions they can perform. They make up a cell membrane, so without them, there would be no humans, they also can be used as a long term energy storage in the form of fat.

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Photoautotrophs are organisms that make their own energy via the sun. These are organisms such as phytoplankton,

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This thermal energy is used to make electricity from heat and light. This is the chemical reactions that take place during the conversion of solar energy. Wind turbines also work to capture energy from winds. (Locke, S, 2008) Alfred: what could be a good substitute for our everyday petroleum

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As a function of cellular respiration in the mitochondria and photosynthesis in the chloroplast, high energy electrons travelling across the Electron transport chain (ETC) towards oxygen expels energy (Biology Dictionary, 2017). The expelled electron energy in both cellular functions is utilized to pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix and cytochrome complex into an inner membrane. Oxygen eventually captures the electrons travelling across the ETC, attracts two hydrogen ions and forms water. Subsequently, resulting in a concentration of hydrogen ions in the inner membrane and the accumulation of potential energy.

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Then, turn back to your text and read the rest of 8.3 (energy sources for contraction) and 8.4 muscular responses. Answer the following:  Discuss the specific roles of ATP in generating a muscle response to a nerve signal. 
ATP provides the energy necessary for contraction. However the muscle fibers only contain enough ATP for a short period of contraction.

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They harness energy by breaking down food molecules to make adenosine triphosphate or ATP, which is the main carrier of energy in cells. The inner membrane is thrown into folds called cristae which provide more surface area for greater cellular respiratory productivity. The matrix is filled with a semifluid medium containing enzymes that break down carbohydrate products. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.

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These molecules then move into the mitochondria. At the same time, oxygen enters the cell and travels into the mitochondria. As the smaller molecules are broken down even further, hydrogen is released along with a large amount of energy. The hydrogen combines with oxygen to make water. The products, are energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

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Photosynthesis and Respiration: Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are the two main processes carry out by most living organisms to attain energy. Whereas photosynthesis is performed by most plants that can make their own food, most animals achieve their energy necessities through cellular respiration. Photosynthesis: Light-dependent Reactions and Light-independent Reactions or dark reactions or Calvin Cycle are the stages of chemical reactions during the process of photosynthesis. Light Reactions:

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Coenzyme Q10: The Benefits, Impact, Where You Can Get Products With Coenzyme Q10 Coenzyme Q10 - This vitamin-like compound produced by the liver of a living organism - and every human as well. This is exactly what compound that stimulates the production of adenosine triphosphate - ATP. ATP is the only source of energy, the most important energy molecule of all living beings on earth. The problem is that with age, the amount of coenzyme Q10 in the body decreases as wear of the liver and other organ.

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Primary Active Transport The energy is directly derived from the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or some other high-energy phosphate compound. Substances that are transported by thus type of transport are sodium, potassium , calcium, hydrogen, chloride and many more.

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Cellular Respiration One of the main essentials of life that all organisms need in order to function in our world is, energy. We receive that energy from the food that we eat. Cellular respiration is the most efficient way for a cell to receive the energy stored in food. In cellular respiration, a catabolic pathway, which breaks down the molecules into smaller units, in order to produce adenosine triphosphate, also known as, ATP. ATP, is used by cells in the act of regular cellular operations, it is a “high energy” molecule.

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Biochemical tests are the tests used for the identification of bacterial species based on the differences in the biochemical activities of different bacteria. Bacterial physiology differs from one species to the other. These differences in carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, fat metabolism, production of certain enzymes and ability to utilize a particular compound help them to be identified by the biochemical tests. Gram’s stain was originally devised by histologist Hans Christian Gram in 1884. Gram-positive bacteria stain purple, while Gram-negative bacteria stain pink when subjected to Gram staining.

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For example, as a roller coaster goes downhill it builds kinetic energy. Potential energy is energy of an object that does not move at all. Think of a book on top of a table, it doesn’t move at all. Another example is a roller coaster on the top part of the hill before it goes down. The potential energy is converted into kinetic energy once it falls downhill.

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