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Bowlby: Secure Attachment Analysis

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Bowlby believed that infants are a product of evolutionary processes pre-coded with a survival instinct to form an attachment with an individual to provide it with comfort, guidance, safety and security (Bowlby 1958, cited in Lishman 2007) Generally attachments were formed with responsive persons who interacted and played with the child a lot, simple caregiving such as nappy changing was itself not an important factor. This strong attachment to the primary caregiver provides a strong base for exploration and reissuance when the child felt insecure (fox, 1977 pg 109). Bowlby believed that there are four main features of attachment. These are safe haven, he believed that the primary care giver would make the child feel safe, secure base, here …show more content…

The caregiver is readily available and responsive to the infant’s needs and emotions. When an infant develop trust in the availability and reliability of this relationship. The internal working models for the infants is likely to be one their anxiety is reduced and they can therefore explore and enjoy their world, safe in the knowledge that they can return to their secure base for help if needed and can emotionally regulate oneself. The child grows up to be confident, less disruptive and aggressive than the other groups, able to form long lasting relationships and have …show more content…

These four attachment theories had general impact on later life secure attachments became able to create meaningful relationships and emphatic. Avoidant become avoided closeness, distant, critical or rigid. Ambivalent became anxious, insecure and controlling. Disorganise become chaotic, aggressive and abusive. This list is just an example and is in no way exact in what will happen in later life. Understand attachment contributes to the understanding what is involved in the commonness of mental health and challenging behaviour for people with an ID, 20-39% show problems with mental health (Hatton & Taylor2005), whereas the general population has 16-25% (Meltzer et al.1995). There is significant risk for poor mental health for people with ID. Having knowledge of these attachments allows those in Healthcare to understand and create vital relationships with patients especially those with an ID, Attachment is the bonding, connection, nurture, trust and security. The key is to make them feel safe and secure in a care environment. Understand how these attachments work is a must for any professional care giver. In the UK Manchester Attachment Scale-Third party observational measure known as MAST is used with people with an ID and

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The Attachment Theory, for example, claims, "humans have the propensity to establish strong emotional bonds with others, and when individuals have some loss or emotional distress, they act out as a result of their loneliness and isolation". The emotional bond that connects the children and their caregiver are critical to the advancement of an internal working model. In Wuornos' case, granted her parents' abandonment and her grandparent’s sexual and physical abuse, she was incapable of forming a solid foundation of trust. It becomes more apparent following her disclosure of developing a sexual relationship with her older brother at a young

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Although we are studying theories, some of them appear to explain human behavior and personality with certain accuracy. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth theories of attachment can also explain what happens to people when attachment to their parents or caregivers is healthy or potential problems that could occur due to detachments. They suggest that individuals raised with secure attachments to their primary caregivers help them to feel secure; moreover, these children appear to be more socially skilled and less likely to experience major emotional disturbances. However, failure to form healthy attachments, especially mother-child, could serve as a descriptive mechanism for many negative psychological outcomes later in the life of an individual,

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Today, the terms secure, avoidant, resistant and disorganized/disoriented attachment are still used to define infant-caregiver relationships as well as adult romantic relationship styles and even the relationship between children and their kindergarten teacher” (http://childpsych.umwblogs.org). There are some critiques concerning attachment theory in general. Some feel that it isn’t necessarily true, that just because a child is in a certain environment, that they will behave how they are treated or taught. Some feel that this theory as too many limitations, and that because the behaviors are so limited in this theory, that it doesn’t account for exceptions to these types of children. But whether one agrees with the theory or not, there is still value to the concept that Mary Ainsworth

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It is unknown, however, if this is only a protective factor if the secure attachment is with the primary caregiver or if it can be with an alternative caregiver as well. The study also did not clarify if the infants had secure attachments to more than one person or if it was only with one caregiver. This could be important if the insecure attachment is with the primary caregiver who they spend the most time

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According to Davies Attachment Theory, there are four types of attachment relationships between an infant and the caregiver(s) (229-232). After talking to my parents about how I reacted when they left a room when I was in an environment or around family members I was not familiar with, I demonstrated a secure attachment with my parents and my dad’s parents. Family members would say I was spoiled because I would cry and want either of my parents when they left the room. However, according to Ainsworth Strange Situation Experiment, that is a common characteristic of an infant and caregiver(s) secure attachment relationship. Due to this secure attachment relationship I had with my parents, I left safe in my environment.

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John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth collaborated to develop Attachment theory (Ainsworth & Bowlby, 1991 cited in Bretherton 1992). Bowlby a psychoanalyst was instrumental in identifying an understanding of the ‘concepts of mental health and mental ill-health’ (Bowlby, 1951 cited in Blakely & Dziadosz 2015, p. 283). In addition, Bowlby asserted that psychopathology could be attributed to the lack of a mother–child relationship, although dependent on duration and method (Bowlby, 1951 cited in Blakely & Dziadosz 2015). Bretherton (1992), maintains that Bowlby formulated Attachment theory presupposing based on ethological hypothesis that separation from the mother or primary carer, the attachment figure, in the formative years resulted in attachment

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Author: This paper will describe important information for assignment one. Part Two- Assignment One Throughout history, there have been many individuals who have experience attachment theory in different ways: secure, ambivalent, and avoidant. According to Seccombe (2015), “Attachment theory is a theory postulating the way in which infants from attachments early in life affects relationships throughout later life” (p. 101).

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These working models are created patterns of attachment, usually formed during childhood development, that affect relational attachments in adulthood. These models represent feelings about oneself and others, which contribute to their behavior in their relationships with others. A person’s internal models are usually subconscious, but can change with a cumulative experience, either positive or

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At the point when people have parental figures that are outspokenly responsive, they are prone to build up a secure attachment and a constructive inner working model of self as well as other people. Presently, the adult attachment could be portrayed as far as two measurements, adult attachment uneasiness, and adult attachment evasion (Ringer, et al., 2014). Furthermore, the adult attachment tension is conceptualised as the apprehension of interpersonal dismissal and deserting, unreasonable requirements for endorsement from others, antagonistic perspective of self, and hyper-enactment of influence regulation systems in which the individual over-responds to contrary emotions as an intend to pick up others' solace and backing. Then again, grown-up attachment evasion is portrayed by apprehension of closeness, intemperate requirement for confidence, hesitance for self-divulgence, pessimistic perspective of others+, and deactivation of influence regulation system in which the individual tries to dodge negative sentiments or pull back from personal connections (Berry, et al.,

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The attachment theory is demonstrating a standard for caregivers to understand different attachment styles in order to act, prevent and reinforce based on children's behaviours. For example, disorganised attachment is a rising issue as it carries risks for young children's later social, emotional and cognitive developments (McLean, 2016). Children are showing difficulty not only giving but also receiving consistent support and comfort from caregivers. The impact of attachment should be emphasised by all the involved individuals in the child's life, as children’s development and later socio-emotional functioning rely heavily on the quality of their early care (Newman, et al. 2015 & Kearns,

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However, the two aspects of decision/commitment do not always go together, in that one can decide to love another without necessarily committing to love in the long term; or one may be committed in a relationship without acknowledging love towards or from the other person. Types of adult attachment styles Attachment styles can be denoting as the motivational or inspirational approaches essential to social connections. They underpin and explain the variations in how individuals associate with and communicate with those around them. Historically, the early attachment theories predominantly focused on the bonds formed between infant-mother relationships. Subsequent theories stated focusing on parent-child attachments and later relationship between adults in romantic relationships (Berscheid, 2010).

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During this phase, infants are faced with the crisis of trust versus mistrust; infants are trying to determine whether the world is safe or if it should be feared, and the goal is to establish the virtue of hope in the infant. Given consistent and dependable care, infants will begin to gain a sense of trust in their caretaker. This trust will follow them into future relationships, allowing them to have secure, emotional bonds with others further into life. However, if harsh and unreliable care has been given, the child may become emotionally detached, lacking the ability to form bonds with others and leading to socially unacceptable behavior later in life. If a child is not attached – does not form a loving bond with the mother – he does not develop an attachment to the rest of mankind.

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In addition, Mary Ainsworth created the idea of the theory maternal sensitivity to an infant’s indications and it’s role in the development of infant to mother attachment displays. John Bowlby believed that mental health and behavioural problems could be attached to early childhood and that children were already biologically programmed to be able to form an attachment with people, when they are born into this world.

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  In order for a human being to have a successful social life in later years, it is of the utmost importance that emotional bonds act as building blocks for development.   After some research in his early works Bowlby found some theories suggesting that "attachment was only a behavioural pattern that is picked up during the progression of growing up and developing in the early months of life, and that it was basically due to a feeding relationship between the young child and the mother/caregiver".    However, it became apparent to Bowlby that even feedings did not stop the anxiety children go through when they were separated from their mother/caregivers.

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Attachment in early life is a fundamental aspect of child development and the establishment of intimate and reciprocal relationships with caregivers. Shaffer & Kipp (2007) define attachment as ‘a close emotional relationship between two persons, characterized by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity’. Contrary to the original view of infant attachment as a ‘secondary drive’ of the dependency on caregivers for physiological needs, such as hunger; Bowlby (1969, 1973) proposed that all infants are born with an innate bias to form an attachment to a primary attachment figure to whom they can seek comfort, or a ‘secure base’ during stressful circumstances. It is proposed by Ainsworth (1967) that parental sensitivity is crucial to shaping the security and development of the initial infant-parent attachment relationship, however the phenomenon of attachment requires both infants and caregivers to contribute in the formation of the attachment bond. Ultimately, the quality of attachment in early life shapes both the social and emotional

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