Buehler, J. W. (2017). Racial/ethnic disparities in the use of lethal force by US police, 2010-2014. American Journal of Public Health, 107 (2), 295-297. In Buehler’s article, he attempts to disprove a study that found no racial disparities in killings that law enforcement were responsible for.
Policing Black Lives a book written by Robyn Maynard addresses the many issues faced by Black Canadians. Her book holds an almost complete account of hundreds of years of neglect, criminalization, punishment and surveillance of Black lives in Canada. Historically, the Black population has undergone racism, slavery and segregation. However, today they still face many of the same and even new issues.
The Whole System Failed Trayvon Martin The American journalist Charles Blow in his scandal article The Whole System Failed Trayvon Martin illuminated such deep problems of current society as the credibility of self-defense, the imperfection of the U.S. criminal justice system, criticism of gun culture, and race relationships. This paper focuses on the Trayvon Martin case and explores the stereotypes that created the motive for the homicide. The Trayvon Martin case caused a substantial public interest in racial profiling. According to Charles Blow’s words: “the system failed him when the neighborhood watchman grafted on stereotypes the moment he saw him, ascribing motive and behavior and intent and criminal history to a boy who was just walking home (n.d.).
In Policing black lives, author Robyn Maynard delves into the history of racism among African Americans and analyzes how many black individuals are still experiencing it in Canada today. Maynard discusses the issues of state violence and sheds light upon gender inequalities and economic injustices for all African Americans in our modern society. This book not only provides the reader with a overall better understanding of systematic and institutional racism, it is well constructed and is easy for the reader to follow. Each chapter indulges on different topics that focus on racism throughout Canada and provides the reader with examples and statistics. Maynard articulates how many canadians are unaware and oblivious to the extent of how unfairly
He asserts that “Something happens to people in law enforcement...after years of police work, officers often can’t help but be influenced by the cynicism they feel.” He rationalizes but does not deny, the law enforcement’s aggressive actions that the people of color may have seen or experienced. This method of pathos not only diversifies but also fortifies his thesis that there is evidence of racial profiling; however, he once again give reason for their skepticism to execute his primary purpose. Overall, dedicating three of his four “hard truths” to justify the actions of the law enforcement is crucial to his argument as a whole because his audience may have portrayed them differently
Through the personal stories that Miller shared, it’s obvious that racial profiling plays a large role in arrest rates and cycles of incarceration. While the world has made a significant stride in racial injustices in comparison to the country’s past, racism still exists. When, and how, is this going to end? This is an important factor to consider in both aspects of the incarceration system and reentry process, as racial profiling occurs in both. Also, the true cause of guilt is important to consider as many people are falsely accused.
In his essay “Arrested Development: The Conservative Case Against Racial Profiling” published in the New Republic on September 10, 2001, professor James Forman Jr. illustrates his disagreement with racial profiling. Forman Jr. is a professor at Yale Law School. He teaches Constitutional Law and seminars on race and the criminal justice system. In his piece, Forman primary goal is to create understanding about the effectiveness of racial profiling and how this affects the black community especially youths. Forman achieves this by appealing to a liberal audience.
“Slangin’ Rocks” Objective Summary “Slangin’ Rocks” by Robin D.G. Kelley, is an opinion essay about the treatment of “people of color” by United States law enforcement, in a historical and modern sense. The purpose of the essay is to persuade the reader to agree with the belief of the author, that U.S law enforcement treats “people of color” unfairly, and that the system itself needs to be changed. The essay begins with the author describing his own experience with law enforcement, which provides him with credibility on the topic and provides insight into why the essay was written (Kelley 21-23). The author’s personal story provides the reader with a specific example of how “people of color” are treated unfairly by law enforcement, and that
As a result police officers have become a major key in the arrests of many people of color. Alexander explains how police will stop and search people of color who are “suspected” of containing drugs or who look “suspicions.” Police officers are actually encouraged in their training to use racial profiling and when a person files a complaint the Courts always take the side of the police officer. As stated by Alexander, “The dirty little secret of policing is that the Supreme Court has actually granted the police license to discriminate” (130). Many would argue that police officers and the justice system are fair and that they don’t discriminate and that one does have a fair trial in court from all the lies the media and television shows feeds the people about the justice system and police force.
"Racial Profiling and Criminal Justice." The Journal of Ethics, vol. 15, no. 1-2, 2011. , pp. 79-88. Nclive, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10892-010-9098-3.
Racial profiling by law enforcement is an overwhelmingly useless and prevalent expression of hate and ignorance to this day. Internationally, a wide variation of races are unrightfully discriminated against by the enforcements who are supposedly there to protect them. Jim Crow policing is an issue that undoubtedly continues, no matter the amount of riots or unjustly arrested/ murdered civilians. Cases like Trayvon Martin, and Mike Brown, as well as Bob Herbert 's article Jim Crow Policing published in the New York Times, February 2nd 2010, explain first hand accounts and statistics to give examples of the fact that racial profiling from the police force consistently takes place.
Indigenous people are more likely to be arrested and charged with offences, and once in the criminal justice system, they face harsher sentencing outcomes than non-Indigenous people for similar crimes. Racial profiling is another serious issue that affects Indigenous people in the criminal justice system. This occurs when law enforcement officers target individuals based on their perceived race or ethnicity, rather than on evidence of criminal activity. Racial profiling can result in unjustified arrests and charges and can contribute to the overrepresentation of Indigenous people in the criminal justice system. The use of excessive force by police is also a major concern.
Throughout history, disputes and tensions between law enforcement officials and communities of minorities have endured hostility and violence between each other. Racial profiling has become a “hot topic” for researchers as well as for politicians and by now it is likely that most citizens are at least aware of the common accusations of racial bias pitted against law enforcement (Cochran & Warren, 2013). Communities of color are being discriminated against and racially profiled by white police officers for any suspicion of criminal activities. It has been widely assumed by policy makers and citizens alike that allegations of racial profiling are mostly associated with the policing practices of white officers and their treatment of racial and ethnic minorities (Cochran & Warren, 2013). Also, individuals of minority descent will certainly recognize that they are being racially profiled during a stop that is being conducted by a white police officer.
The potential of off shore wind farms have been recognized just recently in the world as an energy source. For thousands of years people have used wind power in ships, pumping water, and much more. Beginning of the 21st century, the demand of electricity started to increased and renewable energy such as wind power has been the answer to many industries. More people are able to see the potential of wind power in the United States due to the fact that it doesn’t cause any pollution, which is one of the major problems for the environment. However, many manufacturing industries argue that wind farms require heavy investments on wind turbines and could cause a threat to the wildlife.
Pre-existing beliefs of ethnic minorities from the media, police sub-culture or other micro-level influences mean that ethnic minorities are more likely to be stopped by the police than white people in an occupational culture where targeting is encouraged (see Cashmore, 2001; Bowling et al, 2008). Such targeting mandates are guided by discretion and are likely to become entrenched in the structural policies of the police. It is in such a situation that institutional racism finds its expression. Oakley (1999, p.290) defines the term as ‘the way institutions or organizations may systematically treat, or tend to treat, people differently in respect of "race"’. When such patterns of ill-treatment are repeated continuously, they take on a ‘rule-like status’ and cannot be easily disrupted (see Haney-Lopez 2000, p. 1723).
