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Causes Of Witchcraze By Anne Barstow

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An historian who reiterated the misogyny argument popular since the 1970s was Anne Barstow. Her book ‘Witchcraze’ published in 1994 had a significant impact on the on-going historical debate of witch hunting. Anne Barstow believed that misogyny had caused the Early Modern European Witch-hunt. Furthermore, she believed that the witch hunt was caused by the publication of ‘Malleus Maleficarum’. She states that, “[…It] launched the witch persecutions as an attack on women. Until the publication of the Malleus, men had been accused as often as women, and the total numbers of victims had been small. Though it is true that the major persecutions did not begin until about seventy years after the publication of the Malleus (c.1560), the fact that …show more content…

However, J. Barry and O. Davies argues against Barstow’s perspective and theory, that “To translate this as ‘witches’, as Montague Summers regularly does, is therefore to give the reader a false impression, because the English word ‘witch’ immediately suggests a woman.” Therefore, from Barry and Davies’ argument, it could be deduced that although misogyny could be seen throughout the ‘Malleus Maleficarum’, the intention of the book being persecution of women cannot be confirmed to be true. This detracts from Barstow’s argument as there are not much supporting evidence for her perspective that the publication of the ‘Malleus Maleficarum’ had a significant impact on starting and increasing the scale of witch-hunting in Europe, as well as specifying that these witches were all women, and therefore makes her argument rather …show more content…

“The fact that overall about 20 per cent of the accused were male is less an indication that men were associated with witchcraft than it appears. Most of these men were related to women already convicted of sorcery […] Of the few that were not related, most had criminal records for other felonies, such as theft, highway robbery, murder […] For them, witchcraft was not the original charge, but was added on to make the initial accusation more heinous. Witchcraft was thus perceived primarily as a female offence.” This therefore, shows that Barstow viewed the convicted males of being witches were primarily convicted of other crimes, and thus that in reality, these 20% of men accused for practising witchcraft were actually not

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Did you know that more women were accused of being a witch than men. People In Salem, Massachusetts were involved. There was a high number of people being accused of a witchcraft in 1692. Evidence suggests that the Salem Witch trials happened because single women were jealous that they didn't have a husband. Salem Witch Trial in Salem Massachusetts, 1692

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In 1692, a group of young girls from Massachusetts named Elizabeth and Abigail, believed they were being possessed by the devil and falsely accused several woman, men and children of witchcraft. Once the men and woman were accused they were ordered to attend multiple trials in which would be help in the Massachusetts general court. Once the men and woman were taken to trial they were proven guilty by the girls actions that proved the court these men and woman were apart of witchcraft. After the accuses were proven guilty in front of the court they were either held in prison and eventually died or hanged and died. There were multiple young girls who were apart of the witchcraft accusing other than just Elizabeth and Abigail.

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How was the idea of a witch created or thought of? It started when two girls asked an Indian woman their fortune. Their reverend father noticed odd behavior, and as the result of a testimony, the first three woman were sent to jail. After that there were more accusations of people being witches. But what made people believe or know that another was a witch?

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The witch panic started in Salem, Massachusetts hanged 19 people and inspired a wide-swept fear of the Devil and witchcraft that lasted for over a year. Historians have discussed why this panic occurred for years, producing a slew of opinions on what caused one small community to erupt into such fear. Two such historians, Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, attempted to understand the 1692 Salem witch trials by analyzing Salem Village’s social and economic tensions dividing the community in the book Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft. Yet the two historians ignore the largest group of participants in the witch trials: women. When looking at the documents recording the events of 1692, however, a historian cannot escape the importance of the young girls who were first afflicted and started the accusations.

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After reading “Devil in the Shape of a Woman: The Economic Basis of Witchcraft “by Carol Karlsen I was intrigued by Karlsen’s interpretation, and upset about the ways women were treated. During these witch hunts women and men alike were accused of the crime, but the majority were women. I found it interesting that she related the commonly known Puritan beliefs, which lead to accusations of witchcraft, with gender roles. She ultimately says that Puritans feared these accused women because they symbolized female independence. I found it shocking that women, often the wealthier, had a greater chance of being let go of their accusations if they had a husband to spoke on their behalf.

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As Whitney mentioned, the witch hunts occurred in the 17th century were due to the fears of women becoming “economically and psychological” independent, and threatening the male control of property and social order. Those women were viewed as “discontent” meaning the refusal of accepting their predetermined social status (Whitney 85). In contrast, men who had high authority and social status like the Putmans and Parris could purposely manipulate women and instigated the public resentment to falsely accuse, and cruelly eliminate their enemies such as Rebecca and other accused witches. Certainly, the girls and women in the Putman and Parris’s families who made the false accusations of witches and witchcraft were wielded by

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There was much superstition and ignorance in the 17th century England and hundreds of women were wrongly accused and punished. From 1484 until around 1750 some 200,000 witches were tortured, burnt or hanged in Western Europe and England. Most supposed witches were usually poor old women. Women who weren’t lucky enough to look beautiful. Any woman who was ‘crone-like’ with broken irregular teeth , sunken cheeks and a hairy lip was assumed to be a witch !

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In Document B, Demos presents that most of the accusers of witches were single females in their younger years of age. In the late 1600s, women were extremely dependent upon men for their financial stability, overall safety, and mental/emotional well being. In an interpretation of this document, it can be assumed that these younger female women were seeking family ties and protection in a harsher time period. On the same hand, Document C, a most likely extremely biased account, recounts the “bewitched actions” of Bridget Bishop, a witch, upon the afflicted. Samuel Parris, the examiner of Bishop, seems to shed a negative light on Bishop.

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Gender roles played a heavy role in colonial society, and the women who did not conform to these roles were easy targets for witchcraft accusations. Women who were post-menopausal, widowed, unmarried were not fulling their “duty” to society of bearing children and thus could come under fire (Lecture.) Those who were aggressive, out spoken, or did not do as another wished could also bring cries of “witch!” (Lecture.) This is highlighted in Cotton Mather’s Accounts of the Salem Witchcraft Trials, one of these accused women Susana Martin stands trial with many of the testifiers being men who had been wronged by Martin in some way or another.

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Bridget Bishop, a resident of Salem, was the first person to be tried as a witch. Surprisingly, Bishop was accused of witch craft by the highest number of witneses. After Bishop, more than two hundred people were tried of practicing witchcraft and twenty were executed. Many of these accusations arose from jealous, lower class members of society, especially towards women who had come into a great deal of land or wealth. Three young children by the names of Elizabeth, Abigail, and Ann were the first three people to be “harmed” by the witches.

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Jane Kamensky of the New York Times reviewed the book for the literary section of her newspaper, Kamensky was very critical of the authors arrangement and narrative. Even going so far as to claim that "By almost any measure, the Salem crisis is more gripping than it was important. The Witches, Schiff's glib, compendious and often maddening account of the events of that fateful year, does a great deal to punch up the story, but little to explore, and still less to understand its significance." (Kamensky) When looking at this from a historical point of view, Kamensky's review would seem to make The Witches: Salem 1692 an unreliable source. However, when taken in context, the book dovetails nicely with other works such as Salem Possessed by Boyer and Nissenbaum While the author of The Witches: Salem 1692, is not a trained historian, she has a team of researchers that do the fact checking and ensure that the author's information is authentic and not the mythologized claptrap that predominates popular culture.

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