Cellular Respiration Lab Report

To produce 1 glucose, two G3P molecules are required. The Calvin cycle must cycle twice to yield 2 G3P. Per cycle, it uses 9 ATP and 6 NADPH, thus for 1 glucose, 18 ATP and 12 NADPH are necessary. The minimal number of red photons necessary to produce 1 glucose is 0, assuming there is at least 18 ATP and 12 NADPH present. Assuming neither are present, then the minimum number of photons needed depends on the initial concentration of protons in the stroma and the thylakoid lumen. To produce ATP and NADPH from the linear electron transport chain, photons first are absorbed by chlorophyll molecules and their energy is transferred from chlorophyll to chlorophyll through inductive resonance until it reaches the chlorophyll α’s in the reaction

Both have cytochrome complexes and quinone molecules that carry electrons. Respiration consumes oxygen and forms water, whereas photosynthesis splits water and forms oxygen. Complexes I III and IV in the mitochondrial ETC pump hydrogens outside of the mitochondrial matrix, where only plastoquinone pumps protons. The mitochondrial ETC oxidizes NADH and FADH¬¬2 to pump hydrogen, where photosynthesis makes use of energy from photons and reduces water to get electrons. In the process of transporting electrons, ubiquinone does not pump hydrogen molecules out of the mitochondrial matrix as plastoquinone does into the thylakoid lumen for photosynthesis. The ETC in cellular respiration creates a proton gradient, where in non-cyclic photosynthesis the ETC generates a proton gradient and NADH. In the mitochondrial ETC, protons are pumped out of the matrix into the extracellular space. In photosynthetic ETC, protons are pumped into the thylakoid lumen instead of

During the initiation phase of translation, the small subunit attaches to mRNA and locates the first start codon, where a methionine tRNA attaches by the anticodon. Then, the large subunit attaches, creating an aminoacyl (A), peptidyl (P), and exit (E) site. The first tRNA is in the P-site, and then the next codon attaches to the A-site. During elongation, the polypeptide chain in the P-site is attached to the amino acid on the tRNA in the A-site. I predict that the removal of the 3’ AC would block the elongation phase of translation because the CCA tail is used by enzymes in translation to recognize the tRNA , preventing it from being properly extended. During initiation, only the anticodon is recognized, which was not modified by the researcher in this experiment. During elongation, peptidyl transferase is responsible for forming peptide bonds with the chain in the P-site and the amino acid in the A-site . I predict that this only sometimes blocks the process of translation because there is still one cytosine remaining on the amino acid binding site for the tRNA, which the enzyme can still bind to, but not at as high of a rate as it would if the tail was