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Chapter 9 The Effect Of Expectations Chapter 6 Summary

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expenditure – energy, time and money, even if it is completely beyond sense. The strategy to mold the decision of consumers in our favor is to close down their options to good and bad, and parallelly positioning our brand as opening doors and opening up new opportunities, rather closing them down. While focusing on the similarities and minor differences between two things, we fail to consider the consequences of not deciding.
Chapter 9: The Effect of Expectations
This chapter highlights about why the mind gets what it expects. Previous expectations illogically haze our point of view and even sensory experience. It is a matter of telling a consumer that they’ll like something and they will. If we tell them that they won’t like something, or use negative associations, and they won’t. An example to this would be the people’s preference of Budweiser with a couple of drops of vinegar in it, unless they are told about that. So, if we tell consumers what to expect and, offer the words to describe the experience and that can have perceived. It is just same as the fact that ‘When the coffee ambience looked upscale, the coffee tasted upscale as well’. …show more content…

The placebo effect is well-known and real. It's not just a matter of fooling oneself; placebos can actually trigger some biological reactions that actually change body and experience. It can also be noted that price has an impact on efficiency. A fake pain killer can be very placed under the placebo effect. Expensive goods are always experienced as

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Chapter seven focuses on measuring domestic output and national income. It informs on how GDP is measured, on how to figure out Real GDP and nominal GDP. It also discusses what is considered GDP, and what is not. GDP stand for gross domestic output, which its exact definition according to the textbook, is an output as the dollar value of all final goods produced within the borders of a country, usually in a year. This is a monetary measure.

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In chapter three the book address what a state is. Readers will learn about the many factors that contribute to how a state functions. Throughout chapter 3 the reader will learn about the modern state and how state capacity determines how states will achieve political goals. This is an important part of comparative politics that the reader must understand before reading further into the book. Without a strong foundation as to what a state is and how it functions a reader will not be able to understand modern politics.

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Mary Louise Roberts in “The Price of Discretion: Prostitution, Venereal Disease, and the American Military in France, 1944-1946” discusses what American GIs did in France with regard to sexual relations, and Roberts criticizes American hypocrisy by having self-contradictory (double-standard) attitudes toward sex. Jeffrey Burds in “Sexual Violence in Europe in World War II, 1939-1945” points out the sexual brutality during World War II conducted by both German Soldiers and Soviet Soldiers. Roberts discusses the relationship among prostitution, venereal diseases, and the U.S. army in France. U.S. officials believed that sex with other men other than the Americans contributed to the spread of VD, and sought to control the men with whom the women in the brothel had sex.

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In ‘The Glass Castle’ by Jeannette Walls, there is a strong connection between consequences and decision-making in every aspect of the children's lives. In the memoir, Walls takes the readers through her whole life, starting at age 3 to when she is an adult. From the start to the end of the memoir, her father, Rex Walls is a raging alcoholic, and her mother, Rose Walls, is a free-spirited hippie, who seemed to suffer from bipolar disorder. Therefore, they did not make the best decisions for their family. Neither of them had a steady job so the family usually had little to no money.

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Often, the way we perceive something is altered or controlled by someone/something. Like mentioned earlier, we have our more ordinary influences, like social norms/expectations. But in many cases our perception is tailored. In Brave New World, the Government had complete control over the society's perception. The Government did this by only allowing people to see what they wanted them to see, and not really supporting personal perception.

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This mistrust may cause the listener to feel as if they are trying to be tricked into a certain way of

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1. I enjoyed that the author was able to take a very bland topic and add some interest to it. Buchholz not only introduces economist and their theories, but also introduces the economist as a person to make them more relatable. He was able to explain complicated theories in generic terms to make them more understandable. 2.

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Why would I do this? I desired a slice of pizza and I believed there was a slice of pizza in the kitchen. Either I had no countervailing desires such as the desire to eat healthy and hence stick to a diet or my desire for pepperoni pizza overpowered my countervailing desire to eat healthy. One important way we make sense of other agents' behavior is by attributing various mental states to them and explaining and predicting their behavior on the basis of these attributed mental states.

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Delving into the enigmatic world of haute cuisine and its flamboyant menus, we’re often mesmerised, not to say amused, by its unique use of language. Anyone who’s ventured out to eat at an expensive restaurant has in all likelihood had a good laugh over the florid language used to describe the dishes. Menu authors seem to go the extra mile to come up with rich, ‘sophisticated’ descriptions. Does simply reading the menu enhance the diner’s experience and subsequently encourage them to spend more? From the word ‘crispy’ to ‘carbonated’ to ‘crackly’, there appears to be specific diction aimed at getting our mouths watering and our taste buds popping.

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From a medical point of view, when someone takes a placebo pill he believes he will get better. This idea will alleviate worry and stress levels (Lundh,2000). Neurologically, this will release hormones such as endorphins and dopamine (Haour,2005), which will enhance the immune system and therefore help curing a disease (Lundh,2000). In addition to this, a possibility could be that the effect of expectation is caused by alterations in other cognitions. To illustrate, a placebo that suppresses pain can decrease depressing thoughts and therefore enhance other

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According to Allan (2006), marketeers and “advertisers” use variable approaches and techniques in order to fully engage, involve and immensely persuade the “potential” consumers to buy their product or service (p. 434). It is noticeable that these techniques have greatly evolved and remarkably developed through the past decades (Hemmings, n.d.). This gradual enhancement in advertising techniques is precisely concentrated in the background features of advertisements, such as “attractive” colours and pleasing music (Gorn, 1982, p. 94). In other words, marketeers established an entirely new method to attract the audience, and this is done through integrating psychology in marketing. This has been the main goal of all marketing campaigns and advertisements

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1.1 Attention and its cost The techniques of marketing have changed over time and with this evolution, the effects of marketing and advertising on present day consumers need to be reassessed. Marketing has shown a steep development curve and the attention of the consumer is considered one of the most important aspects of function. Consumer activities are constantly attached to their attention quotient and hence they avoid their engagement in advertising activities (MacInnis, Moorman, and Jaworski, 1991).Further, a lack of grasping the attention to advertisements can result in advertising avoidance which is the “action by users that diminishes their exposure to advertisements” (Speck and Elliott, 1997).

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Variety Seeking Behavior and its Implications Variety seeking behavior is a wide topic in marketing literature and it is researched a lot about it. In simple terms, the presence of numerous varying brands of a similar product in a consumer’s purchase repertoire would be categorized under variety seeking behavior (Kahn, Kalwani, & Morrisson, 1986). There are two schools of thought which are popularly known for involving in variety seeking buying tendency. The first school of thought looks at this behavior which is variety seeking buying behaviour to be unexplainable in its nature.

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Expectancy theory The original thinking behind what has come to be known as expectancy theory, or Vroom’s Expectancy-Valence-Instrumentality (VIE) theory (Beck, 1983), can be traced back to the theorizing of Tolman and Levin in 1932 and 1938 respectively (Petri, 1996). Vroom was, however, the first scholar to elaborate on this thinking in a motivational context in 1964 (Gouws, 1995). Since its origins in the psychological theorising of some 60 years ago, the expectancy theory has been presented in many variations. Common to all versions is the basic tenet that people base their behaviour on their beliefs and expectations regarding future events, namely those maximally advantageous to them (Baron et al., 2002).

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