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The Conditioned Theory: The Placebo Effect On Animals

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The idea behind the conditioned theory can be best explained by Pavlov’s classic experiment on dogs. Pavlov observed that a neutral stimulus, such as a bell, could evoke the same response as the natural stimulus (food). For both stimuli the response was the same: hunger and the desire to eat. This is an example of a conditioned response (Stewart-Williams et al., 2004). Conditioned responses are also present in the placebo effect. Non-active stimuli have shown to have a healing effect after consistent association with stimuli which were scientifically proven, as they become conditioned. (Voudouris et al., 1990) There are several studies that support the conditioned theory. Voudouris has shown that the conditioned theory is overruling the …show more content…

This means researchers make the assumption that the placebo effect on animals is similar as in humans. For example, two researchers Ader and Cohen injected a saccharine-flavored liquid with the immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide in rats (Ader & Cohen, 1982). After a couple of times matching these solutions, it became evident that the saccharine solution alone effected the immune …show more content…

From a medical point of view, when someone takes a placebo pill he believes he will get better. This idea will alleviate worry and stress levels (Lundh,2000). Neurologically, this will release hormones such as endorphins and dopamine (Haour,2005), which will enhance the immune system and therefore help curing a disease (Lundh,2000). In addition to this, a possibility could be that the effect of expectation is caused by alterations in other cognitions. To illustrate, a placebo that suppresses pain can decrease depressing thoughts and therefore enhance other

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The Pima and The Maricopa The two tribes, the Pima and the Maricopa are united as one people on the Salt River Reservation. The SRPMIC was established in 1879 by President Rutherford B. Hayes. Both tribes have been dwelling on the desert for thousands of years. The culture, language, and pottery have many similarities and differences.

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1.Classical conditioning is a learning process first discovered by the Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov in the early 1900s. The theory of Classical Conditioning deals with the learning process leading us to gain a new behavior via the process of association. Internal mental thoughts and brain mechanisms play a huge role in associative learning. Classical Conditioning works by pairing involuntary response with stimulus. After which, unconditioned response becomes conditioned response.

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This 1970 film is based on true events in a French forest where a child is found who cannot walk, speak, read, or write (IMDb, n.d.). The film emphasizes the pain of adolescence as Dr. Jean Itard takes on the challenge of Victor, a non-verbal wild boy found abandoned in the woods (Rotten Tomatoes, 2018). Realizing the institute’s cruel methods, Dr. Itard brings Victor to his home to implement communication techniques through kindness and compassion towards Victor (Rotten Tomatoes, 2018). The film demonstrates the implications that an individual may face after experiencing social isolation for a majority of their lifetime. Classical conditioning suggests that everything from speech to emotional responses was simply patterns of stimulus and response (McLeod, 2014).

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According to Rathus (2015) classical conditioning is basically learning to identify occurrences or events with other events (p. 125). My aversion with seafood and classical conditioning is associated with the smell of seafood. When the aroma of seafood is around, I will immediately breathe out of my mouth, or flee to another space. Chapter Six

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People in Brave New World, in my belief, are conditioned. They are conditioned to be a part of a certain caste, each caste having their own duties towards civilization. They are governed from birth to become what it is the government envisions them to be. This is done by teaching individuals to have a set perspective on all elements of the world from birth. I do believe I am conditioned, not to the extent displayed in the novel, but a smaller form.

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According Vase et al. (2015) in a vast amount of pain clinical drug trials, painkillers showed no dominance in effectiveness over the placebos. Pain is mainly psychological, which is why placebos are applicable in pain cases. During a treatment study in sub-Saharan Africa a nurse was administering a placebo of iron pills to terminally ill patients with AIDS and telling them they will get better, knowing that it is ineffective for in their condition (Ambrose, 2007). Thus meaning that the patients were going to die without knowing that they were.

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My coach for soccer has taught me how to play soccer from a young age and in order for my coach to be able to coach me successfully the coach would need a ball and soccer training methods. My version of playing soccer was just passing a ball and the soccer ball was the object I made an association with and when I was starting to take soccer seriously it meant I would need a coach and I did not know how a coach was and how it would enable me to be able to play soccer and it classical conditioning terms it would be called unconditioned association. The unconditioned stimuli (UCS), which is the coach, is going to enable me to emit a response which is to be able to play soccer and the behaviour I emit is known as the unconditioned response (UCR) because the coach has not yet taught me how to play soccer. When the coach starts coaching me to become a good soccer player, the coach moves from being the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to the neutral stimulus (NS), the coach becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) because she has been training me on a regular basis which results in my unconditioned response (UCR) becoming the conditioned response (CR) which is to play soccer the proper way by; passing, dribbling, defending and shooting.

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Roe v. Wade, the landmark Supreme Court decision that established a woman's right to an abortion in 1973, continues to be a highly controversial and divisive issue in American society. The media has played a critical role in shaping public discourse on this issue. The way Roe v. Wade is represented in the media can have a significant impact on the public's perception of abortion and, ultimately, women's rights to access safe and legal abortion services. Social media platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, and Twitter have emerged as important spaces for discussions around reproductive rights, including the right to access abortion.

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Conclusion Operant conditioning is a theory which was developed by an American psychologist named B.F. Skinner. This theory has been known as a learning process. It applies to four different methods, that consists of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment. In this case positive is seen as something being added and negative as something being taken away.

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The major key findings that were discovered in this study include the idea that it is possible that after being conditioned to react to a certain stimulus, the subject could possibly begin to generalize different objects that may cause the subject to react the same way towards the generalized stimuli as the subject did to the original stimulus. Another finding is that classical conditioning is something that could potentially have a long lasting effect on someone, especially if the subject formed a generalization to the original stimulus. The researchers felt that because of the lack of experimental evidence provided about the subject before this experiment prompted them to research it

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Watson proposed that the process of classical conditioning (based on Pavlov’s observations) was able to explain all aspects of human psychology. The theory of classical conditioning involves learning a new behavior through a process of association. Meaning that two stimuli are linked together to create a newly learned response. There are three stages of classical conditioning, before conditioning, during conditioning and after conditioning (Mc Leod, 2014). Watson’s theory also involved the conditioning of emotions.

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Placebo is a widespread clinical phenomenon that is considered as sham medication. This can also be an effective medication to certain health problems or psychological matters such as depression, chronic diseases, and sometimes, life threatening diseases. On 75 clinical trials conducted between 1981 and 2000, a Columbia University psychiatrist named B. Timothy Walsh found out that on an average of antidepressants given, 30% of people who was given placebos improved. This shows that the response rate of placebos is sharper than the real medicinal drug. Placebo is also an antidepressant that is particularly benefited by young people.

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This school of thought suggests that only observable behaviors should be studied, since internal states such as cognitions, emotions and moods are too subjective. There are two major types of conditioning: 1. Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus.

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INTRODUCTION Have you ever thought on how people explain about behaviour? How do we know when learning process has occurred? Learning is permanent change that happened in the way of your behaviour acts, arises from experience one’s had gone through. This kind of learning and experience are beneficial for us to adapt with new environment or surrounding (Surbhi, 2018). The most simple form of learning is conditioning which is divided into two categories which are operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

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