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Chapter Summary Of Chapter One Of Rios

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Chapter one of the book opens with an in-depth explanation of the methods and the inspiration behind the study. Rios goes into great detail of how he recruited the boys for the study and proves additional information about their history with the criminal justice system. However, most the chapter focuses on the patterns of punishment that are observed in Oakland that the boys experienced on a routine basis. The chapter covers the police brutality and negativity on the streets that leads to continuous victimization. Rios records several instances where the boys in the study encounter negative interactions with individuals involved in the criminal justice system like the officers that patrol the streets, the parole officers that criticize and label the boys as deviants, and the juvenile system that threaten and harass the boys. Such …show more content…

Many of the boys pretended that negative interactions and stereotyping did not affect them, but their bravo personas only masked the fear inside. Fear made the boys feel weaker and less masculine, so they would deviate from social norms to regain respect and dignity among their peers and for themselves. Routine patterns of punishment eventually lead the boys to develop an altered view of thoughts, beliefs, and ways of behaving in order to survive the tough life set them. Chapter two concentrates on the history of Oakland, incarceration rates, youth systems of control, and the boy’s resistance to punishment and brutalization. The Oakland ghetto consists of a multiracial community, predominantly African-American and Latino, that are equally targeted and brutalized by police

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Urban ethnography, a systematic method used to examine culture developing in everyday life, let Rios discern the difficult aspects, unfortunate circumstances, and social relations of the young men’s lives. Victor Rios observed, shadowed, and interviewed delinquent inner-city youth males to answer his question of the effect of the punishment on the boys. As Rio studied the life of these males he discovered a youth control complex where punishment was present in everyday social life, and the behavior of these marginalized young men were criminalized, pointing them to incarceration, disgrace, and exclusion. Racialization, harassment, punishment, surveillance, and detention by all adult figures were all pieces of the pattern of the social order in Oakland that shaped the way the young men created worldviews about themselves and the deeply rooted social stances in their community. Rios found social incapacitation present upon these marginalized males.

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At the introduction of his book he reiterates the brief history of getting tough on crime and the war on drugs and states that “because Oakland was one of the nation’s hubs for the Black Power movement, it became a target for politicians such as Nixon and government agencies such as the CIA” (Rios, 2011, p. 31). The spearheading district attorney at the time of these policies implemented was Edwin Meese, who eventually went on to implement the tough sentencing, harsh punishment policies and militant crackdowns on protestors. Around the year 2000, in California, Proposition 21 was passed. Proposition 21 was a response by the state of California to the widespread gang problem and was largely based in politics, advertising commercials to instill fear in the general public and trust the “moral theater” (Rios, 2011, p. 35) that is performed by the politicians victimizing the marginalized populations (Rios, 2011, p. 35). Daily, the boys in Rios’s book suffer the consequences of the politicized crime control based largely in minor offenses, and zero tolerance polices in

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