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Classical Theory: Theologically Based Worldview And Authority Of The Catholic Church

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Classical theory is a philosophical theory based on reason and born of the Enlightenment period or “Age of Reason”, in which its’ “scientific” worldview was a challenge to the theologically based worldview and authority of the Catholic Church (Bohm & Vogel, 2011, p. 13). With this, came a dramatic source of knowledge, especially in areas pertaining to personal observations, where rationalism was used by thinkers to reason from the general to the particular or to apply theory to a particular case as they believed that people could understand the world through science (Bohm & Vogel, 2011, p. 14). Beccaria is credited with ending legal torture throughout Christendom by criminal law historians; as his book had a great practical effect during
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In Michael Levin's The Case for Torture, Levin provides an argument in which he discusses the significance of inflicting torture to perpetrators as a way of punishment. In his argument, he dispenses a critical approach into what he believes justifies torture in certain situations. Torture is assumed to be banned in our culture and the thought of it takes society back to the brutal ages. He argues that societies that are enlightened reject torture and the authoritative figure that engage in its application risk the displeasure of the United States. In his perspective, he provides instances in which wrongdoers put the lives of innocent people at risk and discusses the aspect of death and idealism.

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Even Cesare Beccaria argues the idea that laws preserve society, and rightfully so, because we need laws to help society improve, flourish, and set what is right and

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Due to this, Beccaria wanted to put an end to torture and the death penalty, sayinging that they were unnecessary and cruel. In addition, Beccaria also believed fast trials and in ending secret trials. Overall, Beccaria 's beliefs were really important, even influencing the founding fathers ' writing of the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Like Locke and some other philosophers before him, Beccaria’s beliefs had a great impact on the United States. Now, when we look we can even see some of Beccaria’s

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While analyzing “The Torture Myth” and “The Case for Torture”, it is very clear to see the type of rhetorical appeals used to persuade the audience. Anne Applebaum, the writer of “The Torture Myth” --in context of the decision of electing a new Attorney General--would argue that torture is very seldomly effective, violates a person’s rights, and should be outlawed due to the irrational need upon which physical torture is used. On the other hand, Michael Levin strongly argues that physical torture is crucial to solving every imminent danger to civilians. Levin claims that if you don’t physically torture someone, you are being weak and want to allow innocent people to die over something that could have been simply done.

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In the face of terrorism, one of the most pressing moral issues is the use of torture as a means of extracting information. The essay, “The Case for Torture”, by philosopher Michael Levin, is a persuasive piece about the morality and validity of torture in dire situations. To persuade readers of his opinion, the writer incorporates a formal vocabulary to elevate his argument, an informal point of view to redirect readers’ moral compass, and an informal and formal tone to strip terrorists of their rights. Throughout his essay, Levin uses a formal vocabulary to give himself authority on speaking about a controversial topic such as torture. As most western democracies, the writer’s audience, outright ban torture and regard it as cruel, Levin

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It is disturbing to learn how people were humiliated and maltreated, and how exquisitely brutal were the devices invented to subdue and discipline people. The reason torture was commonly accepted during the Middle Ages was the lack of police or law enforcement. It was believed that to prevent crime,

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In order to better understand how torture is used in the Salem Witch Trials, it is necessary to examine the usage of torture and interrogation in the modern

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My opposition to torture fall under the beliefs of the absolutist Kant, who states that no matter what the circumstance is, something that is wrong will always be wrong (Boothe 2006, 12). Therefore, concerning the issue of torture, in this world or any other world, torture is immoral. In this paper, I will employ the ethical frameworks of virtue, rights, and fairness to argue against torture when viewed from the perspective of the victim, the torturer, and any outside source. Furthermore, I will dismantle the ticking-bomb scenario by deducing the incapability to achieve full certainty deeming these scenarios unrealistic.

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To me, the arguments made by Beccaria, Howard, and Diderot against the mistreatment of absolutely anyone offered a new concept toward the perspective of conservative members of society to the marginalized population they condemned and exploited. In Beccaria’s On Crime and Punishments, he asserts that the method of torturing people accused of crimes is neither necessary nor ethical, because no one is aware if they are either guilty or innocent. I found it interesting that he mentioned the accused who are weak and succumb to the torture and confess to a crime they did not commit because it emphasized the insufficiency of this method of determining guilt. It seemed as if a prosecutor during their time would employ this strategy to quickly convict

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The Spanish colonies in Latin America lasted over 300 years, far longer than the 76 years that the British colony lasted in the United States. The territory of Latin America was large and full of natural barriers that hindered close relations between the different colonies, but all had a strict racial hierarchy and the Catho-lic Church had an important role to play in controlling the colonies. The Church was especially important to the independence movement in Mexico. In this essay, I will describe the causes, practices and effects of the Mexican independence movement.

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