Coercive Parenting Model

Contributing Factors in the Development in CD
Psychosocial factor Peer influences have been considered as a contributing factors in the development of antisocial behaviors, and children with poor peer relationships has been linked to conduct problems. Research have found that children are more likely to engage with deviant peers in antisocial behavior, and children with conduct problems tend to have more conflict with prosocial peers (Fergusson, Vitaro, Wanner & Brendgen, 2007). The consequences of peer rejection are hostile and antisocial behavior children will likely to engage with other deviant children as young as five years old (Fergusson et al, 2007); and in their primary schooling they will have poor academic performances (Coie, 2004).

It has emphasized on the process which the child learns antisocial behavior through parents-child exchanges and how families train children to be antisocial through coercive cycle. Coercive cycle happens when parents put demands on children in a negative and aggressive way and child learns to avoid the demands through a process of negative reinforcement (Krol, Morton, & Bruyn, 2004). Through repeating this cycle, coercive behavior become an internalized, learnt and automatic pattern for children to gain control over the unpleasant or chaotic situation. Over a long period, children will progress from displaying coercive behavior in family and revealing similar patterns with other people in other situations or engaging in social behavior such as stealing, lying or aggression. As coercive behavior gets reinforced, children will bring them into middle childhood, in this time children will have trouble with meeting the demands of school and will lead to poor academic results, which will again reinforce the cycle (Patterson, 1982). Thus, there is a need to emphasizing early interventions because children as young as 24 months can engage in coercive cycle which will become onset of CD (Reid, Patterson, & Synder,

Study on the correlation between children behavior problems and adult APD done by Robins had shown that even though social economic status, parenting were all correlate with APD however, the number and persistency of childhood symptoms were account for significance psychiatric and social problems in adulthood (Robins, 1966). Furthermore, Frick and Dickens (2006) found that children as young as 3 to 4 years old with the presence of Callous-Unemotional traits (e.g. limited empathy, shallow affect and lack of guilt) are highly associated with diagnosing persistent and severe forms of