Cognitive Perspectives In Psychology
In her text, “Cognition, Convention and Certainty,” Patricia Bizzell describes the writing process through both inner-directed and outer-directed theories in order to illustrate that the writing process is infirmed by both student’s natural thought processes and their discourse community She uses her text to explain both theories, and to argue for the implementation of a new pedagogy focused on discourse analysis. First, Bizzell introduces the inner –directed theory, which seeks to discover the writing processes through the universal and fundamental structure of language. Conversely, she explains that the outer-directed theory instead argues that the individual’s discourse community does not teach a generalized form of language but rather the
“As college students head back to the classroom this semester, a harsh reality confronts them - the rewards for the time, energy, and money that young people put into college are less than they were a decade ago”(Source C). Young college graduates have seen wages, deteriorate. This lack of wage growth has been surprising to those who have read about the ast unfilled need for college graduates. After gains in the 1980s and 1990s, hourly wages for young college graduated in 2000 decreases. For young college-educated men in 2000 hourly wages were $22.75, but almost dropped a full dollar $21.77 by 2010.
According to Sperry & Sperry (2012), Cognitive –Behavioral case conceptualizations include a clinical, cultural, and treatment formulation that emphasize signature elements such as predisposition (maladaptive cognitions/behaviors), treatment goals, treatment focus, treatment strategy and treatment interventions. In efforts to demonstrate an example of a Cognitive – Behavioral case conceptualization statement, Client A is presented. Client A is a 9 year old female Caucasian, 4th grader.
Cognitive theory focuses on the relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Social workers assist clients in identifying patterns of irrational and self-destructive thoughts and behaviors that influence emotions. Cognitive theory allows social workers to assess the client’s schemata, identify any dysfunctional thought patterns, and consider the evidence supporting a client’s belief in order to clients to adjust their process to better facilitate the attainment of goals and experience more positive emotions (Hutchison, 2013. P. 119). On the other hand, cognitive therapy cannot encourage clients to rationalize their problems with negative thoughts and irrational thinking due to oppressive external circumstances.
Narrative point of view can express a different perspective to the reader by presenting experience, voice, and setting. Perspective is a particular way or attitude of considering events, by whatever character’s point of view the narrator takes. A character’s background and experiences in their life is a key to help the reader relate to the character. Culture may provide more insight about the circumstances, and can change a reader’s perspective, as well as the voice of the narrator - sophisticated or naive.
Perception is the organisation, identification and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. Like perception, logic plays a role in critical thinking. Critical thinking is the process in which one mentally explores deeper than the superficial matters at hand into the deeper layers in order to find out what the real issues are. However, when it comes to weighing their beneficial impact on the critical thinking process, logic and perception are by no means equal. While logic is firmly rooted in reason, perceptions are just as firmly rooted in one’s senses and can easily be corrupted.
The movie Inside Out is about 11-year-old Riley who lives in Minnesota with her Mom and Dad. What makes this film so unique is that the story is ultimately about Riley’s emotions, Sadness, Anger, Anxiety, Disgust, and of course, Joy. The audience experiences Riley’s life through the lens of Joy, the protagonist. Joy’s primary goal was to keep Riley and most of her memories happy, but when the family moved from their home in Minnesota to California, Riley’s emotions started acting differently, specifically Sadness. For example, Sadness touched a memory, and subsequently became tainted with sadness, which greatly troubled Joy.
There is only one approach in psychology that studies thoughts, feelings and behaviour. The biological approach believes that the way we are is due to our genetics and physiology. They believe that the activity going on our nervous system’s is what affects the way we think, feel and behave (Sammons, 2009). The physiology in the biological approach looks into how the brain functions. The brain is a very complicated machine as such, the brain is what controls our every move, every feeling and every action.
Point of view can really have an effect on your beliefs, thoughts, and how you view the world. Just like this quote, “You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view... Until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it.” (Lee, Pg.39) explains the effect of perspective outstandingly. “...It is a sin to kill a mockingbird.
Psychology is the scientific study of how human think, how they feel about issues and their behaviour in this research we will learn the meaning of perspectives in Psychology, dwelling on the biological and behavioural approach, I will discuss the difference and commonalities between the two perspectives. WHAT’S PERSEPCTIVE IN PSYCHOLOGY In contemporary psychology perspective simply implies an approach that involves some assumptions about how people behave, how they function and the best way to define this seeming behaviours. There is no one way to approach this perspectives, one is not above the other, though for a long while the behavioural approach was holding the ace being assumed to be the only scientific one.
There are four main perspectives in psychology. These are known as; biological perspective, learning perspective, cognitive perspective, and sociocultural perspective. Each perspective aids in the understanding of human behavior. However, not one perspective can explain all of human behaviors. This is due to each perspective playing different roles in ones behavior.
9.8 Cognitive restructuring Extreme or negative thinking has been found to contribute to increase anxiety as unhelpful thinking styles undermine an individual’s perceived ability to cope with a situation. Unhelpful thinking style may include extreme or catastrophic thinking about the dental encounter/procedure (e.g. I might ‘choke’ ) or mind reading and jumping to conclusions(e.g. ‘the dentist won’t understand my phobia and will think I am silly’). Cognitive restructuring refers to a child being taught to recognize the negative thoughts which precipitate their anxiety and replace these with more helpful cognitions.
Cognitive development is a process which enhancing the ability of learning. The cognitive theories emphasize on conscious thoughts which highlight the mental aspects of development such as logic and memory. The primary factors of cognitive theories is the structure and development of the individual’s thought processes and the means of these processes can effort the person’s understanding of the world. Therefore, the cognitive theories study on how this understanding, and the expectations it creates, can affect the individual’s behavior. There are three types of cognitive development theories in human which are Piaget’s Cognitive development theory, Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive theory and Information-Processing theory.
A part-time job will not amount to the cost of school and living. Although costs are universally high, some of the cost may rely upon the location of the student in relation to the location of the school. Although there are no solutions to the financial challenges of a college student, there are ways to cope with the issue. The best ways to limit financial stress are buying used textbooks, eating at home, applying for scholarships, applying for financial aid, and making a weekly budget plan. Scholarships and financial aid are given to people who qualify; however, these aids do not pose solutions to the problem.
It stresses on learning through thinking. It studies how people treat, organize, and transform information to affect their behavior. The most representative theorist of cognitive theory is Jean Piaget (1896-1980). He was born in Switzerland, and he has three children. It is impressive that most of his research is based on observation and studying of his own children.
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