Compare And Contrast Mitosis And Mitosis

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For a normal cell, the cell cycle is carefully controlled to maintain cell division which happens at the end of the cycle. For a cancer cell, the cell cycle isn’t properly maintained, therefore leading to the uncontrolled division of cells. Most of the cell cycle is spent during interphase (G1, S, and G2). A normal cell’s G1 phase has a function of doubling cell size and the amount of organelles. During S phase, DNA is replicated. During G2, the cell is at the end of interphase, going into “M” phase, or Mitosis. Mitosis is when the nucleus divides. Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) resulting in two cells. Cell division is complete after cytokinesis. During G1, S, G2, and Mitosis, checkpoint proteins keep track of the progression from one phase of the cell cycle

It is helpful when comparing the genes that are expressed in a cancerous cell V.S. a normal cell, but first mRNA has to be taken from a cancerous cell and a normal cell. Then it is converted to cDNA and tagged with two different fluorescent dye. The DNA probes on the microarray is washed with the cDNA that are tagged allowing them to have a chance to pair up. The colors that will show on a microarray slide are green (gene expression in a normal cell), red (gene expression in a cancerous cell), yellow (gene expression in both cells), and black (no gene expression in either of the two cells) depending what genes are making mRNA to create a protein. A microarray uses gene expression to assess cancer risk when the microarray slide shows the color red. The purpose of reverse-transcription (cDNA) is because the probes which are the attached sections of genes are single-stranded DNA, so they are ready to pair up with their cDNA (complementary strands). We can’t just use the DNA from cancer cells and normal cells because they are double stranded, while the probes are single stranded