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Comparing Kant And Transcendental Aesthetics

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Kant’s attempt to save the metaphysics was to propose synthetic a priori knowledge that Hume failed to recognize. Hume holds that we have no necessary (or even probable) material synthetic knowledge, but Kant believes that there should be another type of knowledge that is universal, necessary and a priori that tells us about the world (synthetic). We shall start our discussion with the first part of the Transcendental Doctrine of the Elements with the Transcendental Aesthetic. Kant holds that there’s no other way that objects can be given to us through anything other than our sensibility (A20). By sensibility, he refers to the faculty of our receptivity of representations in which we are affected by objects. The Transcendental Aesthetic …show more content…

We can’t have multiple spaces, as they are all included in one space. Space as the whole precedes the space in part. This is the reason why space is an intuition and not a concept. Another argument that supports Kant’s claim of the intuition of space is that space is represented as an infinite given quantity (B40) the infinity is in space itself. We can’t have infinite number of concepts. For example, if we choose the concept of tree, it does not contain an infinite number of representations under itself. I maybe be able to fit many types of trees under this category of tree, but it’s going to be a limited number. Therefore, all parts of space co-exist at infinitum and space could not be a concept. It must be an institution. Arguments for a priori nature of time are similar to space. Kant believes that time is pure intuitions since it is a component that is necessary for all intuitions. Time can be represented as a void of appearances in which different times are all part of one unified time. Like space, time is infinite rather than limited. Kant believes that time is the pure intuition by which the mind governs its inner sense. Time is not co-existent, non-empirical and not in succession. This means that time is an intuition as well. When Kant mentioned in A23, that time cannot be perceived externally, but space can be perceived as something within us, he means that time is intuition of inner-self, but space is an intuition of …show more content…

Kant states that by “arranging different representations together, and comprehending what is manifold in them under one form of knowledge” imputes the synthesis to the transcendental logic (A77). Synthesis is the act of putting together the concepts of “sensibility a priori” (conditions of receptivity of mind) in manifold with Transcendental Aesthetic to reach pure understanding and representation of objects with possibility of affecting those concepts, which without those concepts, it would be without content and therefore, appearing empty (A77). Kant asserts that the manifold is not given empirically, but a priori in time and space (B103). Before we can do an analysis of our representation, their concepts must be given since no concepts can arise analytically (B103). Knowledge must first be produced by the synthesis (whether give empirically or a priori) and that knowledge might need analysis beforehand if its primitive or crude, but its really the synthesis that does to collection of knowledge and unifies them (B103). So, when Kant indicates, “that analysis presupposes synthesis” he means that analysis or dissolution, is the opposite of synthesis and always pre-supposes it since when the understanding had not combined anything, it cant dissolve anything either (B130). Since the analysis presupposes that there is still something left to analyze and

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Albert Bierstadt made the space look like the individual observing the painting is actually there, because he used two point perspective in his work. Two point perspective is having two vanishing points within an artwork. Space helps someone picture the artwork more in depth. The shapes of the old mill, Mountains, and trees are flat and has light color. Value is the lightness or darkness of colors.

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Lastly, the third way of seeing, concerns with the use of reason by looking on the ontological existence of things. From these we can consider the different composition of things. For example, there are beings that are merely corporal, spiritual and some are admixture of the two. In connection to that, one can also consider the seven-fold properties of creatures, those are origin, greatness, multitude, beauty, fullness, activity, and order of all things. These seven properties may also serve as the sevenfold witness of God’s power, wisdom and goodness.

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Leibniz interprets this phrase as space being a sense organ of God. Secondly, Newton in his writings mentions that God occasionally intervenes in the universe. Leibniz ridiculed this statement by comparing God to a watch maker who has to involve in the mending and the winding up of both the time and the watch. 2. The Vacuum: Leibniz here uses two arguments to oppose the existence of Vacuum in nature.

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Conclusion: The mind is substantively different from the body and indeed matter in general. Because in this conception the mind is substantively distinct from the body it becomes plausible for us to doubt the intuitive connection between mind and body. Indeed there are many aspects of the external world that do not appear to have minds and yet appear none the less real in spite of this for example mountains, sticks or lamps, given this we can begin to rationalize that perhaps minds can exist without bodies, and we only lack the capacity to perceive them.

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Discuss why cyberstalking may be more commonplace than physical stalking.   Which form of stalking should society fear most and why? As the world get more and more engrossed with technology and social media cyberstalking is on the rise. People, mostly teens and young adults, have gotten so comfortable with having on online presence that they see little to no problem with sharing personal information such as photos, means of contact, and even their full names and phone numbers.

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Metaphor – A Solid Argument Even in the most commonplace discourse, it is hardly possible to venture a few steps without treading on dozens of metaphors. – Guy Deutscher In chapter 4 of his book The Unfolding of Language, Guy Deutscher posits that the bulk of the words in human languages are metaphors.1 He proposes that the earliest human words described simple, solid concepts – particularly, parts of the body.1 From the location of body parts came descriptions of space: to be at the head of an army means to be in front of it; to be in the heart of something is to be located at its center.1 With spatial concepts squared away, Deutscher says, humans were free to extend the meanings of our words to include concepts of time.1 Prepositions used to describe space – “at the door”, “within the prison” – became markers of time: “at noon”, “within a year”.1 Finally, says Deutscher, these temporal terms acquired even more abstract meanings, and could be used to describe such things as causes and reasons.1 Therefore a meeting can be held at the town square, at one o’clock, at the request of the mayor – or in the treehouse, in an hour, in secret.

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A.J. Ayer attacks the rationalists view that a priori knowledge is better than a posteriori knowledge. He states that a priori truths cannot tell us anything about the empirical world using the mathematical truths, which are a priori, as an example for this. He also states his Verification Principle, which argues that in order for a statement to be deemed meaningful it possess conditions under which it can empirically verified, as a criticism of the rationalist view. However, this principle is fundamentally flawed because it’s reasoning is hypocritical as it can’t empirically verify itself and so doesn’t work.

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Merleau-Ponty tells us that, “the real has to be described, not constructed or formed” (1969, p. 17). Phenomenological art therapy as explicated by Betensky (1995) is a clearly formulated art therapy approach that attempts to understand the phenomena of the artwork and the creative process from within itself through "intentional observation" and reflection. The three main features of the phenomenological method are 1) the attention to the description of the perceived phenomena; 2) focus on capturing the essence; and 3) the essence is found by intuiting and not by deduction or induction. The 5 key concepts of phenomenology concepts outlined by Merleau–Ponty in the introduction of Phenomenology of Religion (Bettis 1969) can be applied to art therapy (Carpendale, 2002).

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In Addition 1 to section 41 of the Encyclopedia Logic Georg Hegel accuses Kant of “the error of refusing to enter the water until you have learnt to swim” (Hegel). This accusation is resting on a fundamental difference between Kant and Hegel’s conceptions of knowledge, namely, that Hegel believes we can know objects in themselves. In the following paper, I will discuss this accusation at length and offer my own thoughts on its legitimacy. Kant’s presentation of the categories is that they are objective in so far as they are universal to human understanding. This means that were one to observe the striking of a match and the match subsequently lighting that the cause and effect observed is not a part of that action or the match, but a part

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1. Kant 's moral is excessively compelling seeing that it avoids feeling from ethical decision making and makes duty central. 2. Kant neglects to recognize with the exception of oneself from a principle and qualifying a rule on the basis of exemptions. 3.

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It embodies the insight that there is a serious muddle at the centre of the whole of Descartes theory of knowledge. He says that we do not hold a clear idea of the mind to make out much. ‘He thinks that although we have knowledge through the idea of body, we know the mind “only through consciousness, and because of this, our knowledge of it is imperfect” (3–2.7, OCM 1:451; LO 237). Knowledge through ideas is superior because it involves direct access to the “blueprints” for creation in the divine understanding, whereas in consciousness we are employing our own weak cognitive resources that

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4. Euclidean Space Kant’s reconciliation of the views of both the empiricists and rationalists enables Mathematics to be used as a tool for understanding space. Mathematics can be regarded as a synthetic a priori truth, providing an insight of the world even though our knowledge of it derived is independently of observation. As such, Euclidean geometry, the axioms on which the structure of Euclidean space is defined, may be considered to be both universal and necessary – a fundamental precondition for our understanding and experience of space.

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589 Words | 3 Pages

The German Philosopher, Immanuel Kant valued traditionalized aesthetics. He explains the judgments of taste by breaking it down under two fundamental conditions, subjectivity and universality. There are other conditions that apply to the judgement of taste, however these two functions are the most important. Subjectivity is crucial to the equation because it is the feeling of pleasure or displeasure. According to Kant, beauty is determined by the representational perception of a thing.

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b.2.1. The Divine Intellect God causes things by His knowledge. Having this question answered by St. Thomas, the argument of which leaned towards the discussion of the divine causality through His knowledge. In the previous discussion, it is concluded that the esse of God is His own act of understanding. With this, it can be said that “He must understand Himself perfectly, which includes a perfect understanding of all that He causes, which is everything.”

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Baruch Spinoza’s geometric structured view on the universe, and everything in general, is beautifully broken down for present and future thinkers to ponder in his work, Ethics. Although complex at times, his method of demonstrating each discoveries of proved proposition aids readers to conceptual God-Nature. At the base of these propositions are definitions and axioms (truths) Spinoza accounts as certain truths and are critical to understanding God-Nature (substance). I will here provide an account of Spinoza’s substance monism and attribute pluralism, along with strengths and weaknesses in his arguments for this picture of reality.

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