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Compounds Involved In Electron Transport And Citric Acid Cycle

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11. Give two examples of compounds that are involved in electron transport but not the citric acid cycle. Two examples of compounds that are involved in electron transport but not the citric acid cycle that you can see just by looking at a chart are the ATP synthesis is present in the electron transport but not the krebs cycle. In electron transport, cytochromes are present but are not seen in the krebs cycle. 12. Give the two products of the following reaction. (Insert a picture of your drawing of the molecule or a scan of your drawing of the molecule) Inserted below is a picture of the two products and the reaction. In the picture you will see the transfer of hydrogen to keto-group of pyruvate. In this process NADH become NAD+. …show more content…

One molecule of ATP is generated for each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters the cycle. Electron carries that are generated into glycoses and energy from CAC that creates large quantities of ATP. Electrons are used to pass through the chain and move five protons across the mitochondrial membrane cell against the proton. This will result I a force to make the ATP. 14. How does elevated insulin levels impact fatty acid synthesis? Elevated insulin levels impact fatty acid synthesis by using up all the glucose for energy instead of storing glycogen for later energy use. Fatty acid synthesis takes place when there is no glucose being consumed for energy. The glycogen that is stored is then broken down into glucose. When there is a high level of insulin, the glucose in the liver is used first then the rest of the insulin starts breaking down the stored glycogen. 15. Why is fructose acceptable for diabetics and not …show more content…

It is seen when a lot of fat is consumed and is being metabolized at a high rate. The fatty acids that are present are getting converted into ketones. Ketosis takes place when the body is not getting enough energy from glucose. In diabetics, this takes place due to the body not producing enough insulin for glucose break down. One of the most commons ways it is tested in diabetics is with ketone strips. In the pharmacy I work in, we sell these a lot. A diabetic can show signs by weakness, headaches, and possible rise in blood sugar. If a ketone strip shows rise in ketones and you have a rise in your blood sugar, this is a sign. This was actually interesting to read about during one of the discussions. I thought it was crazy how people actually make a diet based off of this to lose

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The stomata are the most critical piece to this process, as this is where CO2 enters and can be stored, and where water and O2 exit. Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life. This process is done by cells exchanging gases within its surroundings to create adenosine triphosphate commonly known as ADT, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through numerous reactions; an example is metabolic pathway.

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The slightly low glucose may be attributed to the patient’s

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In the event that the blood glucose stays high, then the rise in insulin emission is managed. This managed increment is because of the releasing of both stored insulin and recently integrated insulin. Moreover, this insulin is secreted by pancreas, which is a glandular organ in our digestive system. However, diabetic people have problems in their pancreas so their pancreas secretes a little amount of insulin and sometimes does not secrete insulin. Therefore, Insulin injection is another source of insulin.

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Things that inhibit energy metabolism are ATP and NADH. Other limiters are

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Carbohydrates are easily broken into glucose within the body at a much faster rate than the other macronutrients including protein and fat, which is detrimental in patients who have insulin complications due to an increasing rate of glucose production and the inability to counteract with sufficient insulin (Vasilescu, 2015). Foods that are high in fat content may also be detrimental to glucose control (Vasilescu, 2015). Diets that are high in saturated fat may decrease the binding affinity to insulin and its receptor in addition to reduction of the enzyme glycogen synthase, a key player in the conversion of glucose to glycogen the storage form of glucose (Vasilescu, 2015). However, adding foods that are high in unsaturated fats to a T2DM patient’s diet have shown to be beneficial by decreasing glucose levels and increasing insulin sensitivity (Vasilescu, 2015). Protein has been shown to stimulate insulin secretion, decrease the one of the most debilitating symptoms secondary to diabetes, neuropathy, and has a minor effect on serum glucose levels (Vasilescu,

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On the other hand if too little insulin is being released this is a condition called type 1 diabetes. The condition is cause when the beta cells which produce and transport insulin have been destroyed. When there is no insulin the body is unable to remove the amount of glucose in our blood stream, which means excess glucose will spill into the urine causing the symptoms of frequent urination and thirst, weight loss and loss of energy.

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If the concentration of glucose in the blood is low / below the normal range, it leads to the secretion of glycogen from the alpha cells. Glycogen will change the energy stores such as glycogen in the liver to the glucose (stimulates the breakdown of glycogen) by increasing the level of sugar in the blood(ibid).

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This leads to the body breaking down its own proteins to convert into additional glucose which cannot be absorbed and again is flushed out in the urine. The loss of these vitally needed proteins is dangerous to the individual it leads to the skeletal muscles breaking down which causes weakness and rapid weight loss. Other systems in the body are also influence by this loss of proteins such as the heart, lungs, brain, micro blood vessels, intestines, and kidneys. The intestines are affected by the damaged micro blood vessels; this is because the intestines need a rich blood supply to work properly. The kidneys are damaged by the overuse of filtering the excess glucose out of the body’s system.

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Our bodies take in the glucose and turn it into energy we can then use. When we let glucose in, we are raising our insulin and glucose levels. Insulin is the hormone in people’s bodies that grants glucose access into our bloodstreams. However, insulin keeps our blood levels from raising or lowering, and it stores the fat to use for energy later on. Unfortunately, people have no control over the insulin function, though they do have control over the types of food they eat that contain certain amounts of glucose.

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In this condition, the pancreas is producing insulin, but the amount may be insufficient or the cells of the body are insulin-resistant,

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It is believed that an endosymbiotic event occurred where an organism capable of oxidative phosphorylation was consumed by another cell. This theory is backed up by the DNA, double membrane and mitochondrial specific transcription and translation mechanisms used to allow such a phenomenon to occur. Mitochondria still secure their characteristic double membrane structure and are still the primary source of ATP production, from their ancestors. Yet, their overall form has been altered, they have acquired innumerable new functions within the cell.

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All you ever wanted to know about the Ketogenic Diet Contrary to most weight loss diets and programs, a ketogenic diet works on the principle of consuming less of carbohydrates. In a ketogenic diet, you are made to eat less carbs so that your body goes in to a state of ketosis. Ketosis involves breaking down of stored fats in the liver in order to produce energy for the body. Hence, your stored fats get used up and you lose weight faster. Fats do not get deposited in the body and this makes you leaner and healthier.

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The circulatory system is affected because if the levels of glucose exceed normal amount, the blood vessels could be damaged. If the damage done to the blood vessels goes untreated, several blood vessels can explode which would have negative effects on the body because blood isn’t being properly or efficiently transported throughout the body. The endocrine system is highly affected by diabetes because it is in this system that the pancreas is meant to regulate glucose levels. Because the level of glucose is too high without insulin being produced in the body to counteract the levels, the natural bodily processes are interrupted causing the affected individual to be aware of their glucose levels themselves with at-home tests. (Daneman, 2006).

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This is why ketogenic diet is so important. Unlike carbs and refined sugars, consuming fat doesn’t cause any spike in glucose or insulin levels in your body. In this diet, you gradually train your body to generate energy from fat instead of glucose. So your glucose or insulin problem is gone and no risk of type 2 Diabetes.

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