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Disc Herniation Research Paper

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Recommended: Lumbar Spine Anatomy

What is a disc herniation?
The spinal column is made up of 33 vertebrae (bones) that are joined together to allow forward, backward, side bending, and rotation of the spine. There are five regions that comprise the spinal column; the cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (low back), sacral and coccygeal (tail-bone) regions. The cervical region consists of 7 vertebrae, the thoracic 12 vertebrae and the lumbar region contains five vertebrae. The sacrum is made of 5 fused vertebrae; which are connected to 4 fused vertebrae which form coccyx. Intervertebral discs lie between each vertebrae. Each disc is composed of a gelatinous material in the center, called the nucleus pulpous, and surrounded fiberous tissue (annulus fibrosus). With a disc herrniation, an intervertebral disc's …show more content…

Diagnostic tests- Interestingly, not every herniated disc causes symptoms. Some people discover they have a bulging disc or herniated disc after an x-ray for an unrelated reason. An x-ray may be needed to eliminate other causes of back pain such as osteoarthritis (spondylosis) or spondylolisthesis. A CT or MRI scan verifies the extent and location of disc damage. These imaging tests can show the soft tissues (such as the disc).
Treatment
Pain medications, including anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxers, or in severe cases, narcotics, may be prescribed. Epidural steroid injections have been used to decrease pain by injecting an anti-inflammatory drug, around the nerve root to reduce inflammation and edema (swelling).
Physical Therapy
The physical therapist can provide noninvasive therapies into the tissues of the back by the administration of manual therapy if mobility of the spine is impaired or the use of modalities (heat, ice, shortwave diathermy etc). They can assist in improving posture and developing an exercise program for recovery and long-term protection. Appropriate exercise can help take pressure off inflamed nerve structures, while improving overall posture and

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Petrissage helps to loosen the muscle fibres, this technique involves kneading the injured area, one hand pulling one way and the other hand pulling the other way. Stripping the muscle, this helps to remodel the scar tissue by the thumb working deep on the muscle in the direction of the blood flow. Lastly Circular frictions can be applied, this helps to break down scar tissue and realign in. This type of massage helps to smooth out tight muscle knots so that the patient is comfier and more

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abrasions, edema, ecchymosis) NEXUS Radiographs – all cervical vertebrae and T1; AP view open mouth and lower c-spine, lateral, R & L oblique CT – recommended in acute trauma cases, congenital developmental abnormalities, tumors; limited use since many c-spine pediatric injuries are ligamentous in nature MRI - recommended due to persistent neurological deficits, soft tissue involvement, ligamentous & disc injuries, spinal cord hemorrhage, SCIWORA Also prescribed when radiographs are clear BUT child is unconscious and/or intubated. A-P odontoid/open mouth view: in supine, shows articulation of C1-C2 : width of lateral masses should be = , none or very minimal overhanging of atlas, dens symmetrically between lateral masses of atlas, C2 spinous process in midline A-P lower cervical view: in supine, shows 5 lower c- vertebrae, upper thoracic vertebrae with ribs, clavicles and trachea : c & t vertebral bodies are vertically aligned, spinous processes are in midline, illusion of bone L column on each side of vertebral bodies; transverse processes within image of L column, pedicles - radiodense oval – like cortical outline, interpendicular distance =

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