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Dorsomedial Brain Model

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The dorsomedial nucleus of the intercollicular complex (DM) in both learners and non-learners is the center nucleus of the midbrain and it is necessary for vocalization and is analogous to the periaqueductal gray area (PAG) in a mammalian brain. Axons spread from here to two nuclei, the tracheosyringeal hypoglossal nucleus (nXllts) and the nucleus retroambigualis (RAm). The syrix is regulated by the nXllts and the RAm regulates the respiratory system. This was the vocal system of all birds for the majority of time until natural selection started acting upon certain anatomical features to improve and diversify until there was another circuit mechanism to which auditory signals could be stored and processed. It should be noted that Nottebohm …show more content…

1976). The specifics of the neural system of song birds consists of both and anterior and posterior section which are responsible for difference pathways. The anterior circuit is responsible for a process that extends through the high vocal center (HVC) to an Area X, to the medial nucleus of the dorsolateral thalamus (DLM), to the lateral magnocellular nucleus of anterior nidopallium (LMAN) to the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA). The posterior pathways consists of the HVC to the RA to the nXllts (Matsunaga, E., Okanoya, K. 2009). Further inquiry suggests a disruption in vocal learning ability of juveniles when manipulating the anterior circuit with no consequence in fully matured individuals. Dislocation of the posterior circuit affects vocal production in both juveniles and adults indicating that the posterior circuit is responsible for the respiratory muscles necessary for vocalization and also the muscles associated with the syrinx (Marler, P., Slabbekoorn, H. 2004; Zeigler, P. H., Marler, P. 2008). …show more content…

Sexual dimorphism can be seen within the Zebra Finch species as only the male finch sings. Two weeks after hatching all of the neural connections between the anterior and posterior circuits are formed except that off the HVC-RA.Within the next two weeks the HVC sends its axons to the outside of the RA nucleus. Nottebohm (1989) concluded the there is fluctuations in size of the HVC and that it was due to the death of neurons. He was able to prove there was neurogenesis allowing the HVC to rebuild itself giving some context as to the role of annual modification of song (Nottebohm, 1989). Only in male finches does this connection take place after thirty days allowing it to completley finish forming the song system (Holloway & Clayton 2001). Iyengar et al.

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When the focal folds adduct, the glottis closes; when the vocal folds adduct, the glottis opens (Deirdre Michael,

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On the contrary, Elena Passarello believes that the whole body participates in the process of making a sound. She makes her point clear about the contest between the diaphragm and the body’s role in producing a sound in the essay Hey Big Spender. She notes that vocal communication can draw out emotions contrary to the conventional knowledge that it was a physical aspect. “Elsewhere in the body, it sends a jolt of adrenaline to quicken the heart and tense major muscles, prepping them for a sprint across the veldt away from danger” (Passarello

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Despite of communication, the songs of flycatchers play an important role in mate attraction (Eriksson and Wallin 1986). If two populations have different songs, they are likely to attract different females that can recognize their songs and then mate. Indeed, Howell and Cannings (1992) have analyzed the songs of two Mexican populations of the Western Flycatcher. The frequency and pattern of their songs are distinct after recording and plotting, which is the evidence of pre-mating isolating barriers. Therefore, vocal divergence can function as a possible mechanism of reproductive isolation between these two species and prevent them interbreeding in a large

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The study focuses on the number of neurons in the brains of more than two dozen species of birds ranging in size from tiny to large. The new study provides an explanation that birds can perform complex behaviors because birds forebrains contain a lot more neurons than anyone had previously thought. The study provides an answer that anatomists have been questioning, which is, how can birds with their small brains perform complicated cognitive behaviors? The study of the bird brain interests me because the size of the bird brain is compared to the size of an unshelled walnut (depending on species of bird), versus the human brain which is about three-four pounds (average size of adult human). The human brain is so much bigger than the bird brain and it contains so many more neurons making humans so much smarter than the bird species or any other animal

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Natalie Mariano English 110 2nd draft Parrots are social birds and have intellect abilities to learn to communicate and mimic human speech and sounds. Duke University claims parrots have “a shell structure” for a brain which explains why their able to learn to speak and do things like dance, figure out the differences between colors and shapes. Psychologist Dr. Irene Pepperberg studied years on an African gray parrot named Alex, she’s proven their able to learn numerical concepts. Pet parrots’ intelligence differ from wild parrots, mainly because of the environment they were raised. Parrots kept as pets become fully dependent on their owners, where as wild parrots learn to survive and adapt on their own.

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The subcortical brain is the area of the brain that focuses on survival (TedxTalks). Long-term exposure to trauma inflicted on a person can negatively affect the subcortical brain. This happens because the subcortical brain can become hyper-sensitive to stress when trauma is frequently inflicted on a person. Scientists observe war veterans for signs of post-traumatic stress disorder in attempt to explain this process. According to doctor John Rigg, a physiatrist who studies brain injury medicine, when a person has experienced trauma, they are prone to releasing stress hormones more regularly and reacting aggressively to potentially dangerous situations.

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The production vocal learning is that of learning to produce new sounds vocally from learned experience. The usage vocal learning is that of learning to use already known vocalizations in new ways or using innate vocalizations. The auditory learning is that of learning to understand, but not produce it, a new vocalization and react in accordance to experience with the sound. Different studies of non-human primates over the years have shown proof that some non-human primates are capable of all three types of learning with language, but to what depths the ability to learn goes has not been completely researched. Petkov and Jarvis (2012) believe that a portion of research in this area is questionable because of conflicting results across different studies, but that if research studies are replicated that this might show more true results in the future.

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A hummingbird 's brain is larger in comparison to body size than any other bird. They are very intelligent animals except that they are very small birds. Hummingbirds are very intelligent animals. They are very unique animals.

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There are a least 14 species of Darwin’s finches that have developed over millions of years. When Darwin encountered the finches on the Galapagos Islands he noticed the diversity of the Finches beaks and size compared to each other. In Figure 1 you can see this. The diet of nuts and berries that the finches had access to on the island is greatly related to the size and function of the finches beaks (Grant, 2003). The larger beaked birds fed off of hard shelled nuts, while the smaller beaked birds fed off of smaller seeds and nectar from plants.

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The motor nucleus of facial nerve is situated in lower pontine tegmentum. It is located in the ventrolateral part of the tegmentum of lower pons, dorsal to superior olivary nucleus and ventromedial to spinal trigerminal nucleus. It belongs to the special visceral efferent column. Axons from this nucleus supply skeletal muscle derived from the second pharyngeal arch. This nucleus consists of multiple neuron and have many subdivisions.

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