Episodic Memory
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Claudia Fugazza is an animal behavior researcher at Eotvos Lorand University in Budapest, Hungary. The first task for her and her associates was to design a memory test.The test would target episodic memory by ruling out reliance on learning, which would instead tap into semantic memory. Memory researchers agree that a key aspect of episodic memory is that memories are saved without the knowledge that they have to be remembered in the future. So, any test of episodic memory has to be unexpected.The dogs in this study were energetic participants who were all easily trained to imitate a simple action, such as looking into a bucket or touching an umbrella with the command “do it.” Previous research
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Atkinson, R. C., and Shiffrin, R. M. Some speculations on storage and retrieval processes in long-term memory. Technical Report 127, Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford University, 1968. Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals.
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However, she counters this belief by presenting evidence from her research that a dog’s behavior is often a result of its environment and upbringing rather than its breed. By presenting her credentials as a scientist who has conducted extensive research in dog cognition and behavior, Horowitz establishes her ethos and positions herself as a reliable and credible authority on the topic. Throughout her talk, Horowitz continues to appeal to ethos by sharing personal anecdotes
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This paper is on the article “Clues Hint at 2 Brain’s Memory Maps” by Sandra Blakeslee. It was issued by the New York Times on February 15th, of 1985. This piece explores amnesia and the effects it had on different types of memory. It uses various empirical evidence such as small case studies and experiments.
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Memory is an important aspect of life as you are able to remember old memories and create new ones as well. In this paper, the focus is primarily on dementia. Declarative memory, procedural memory, and recall are various topics that are used to understand the roles they may play in dementia. Each topic is discussed in a paragraph. In each paragraph I introduce and explain the topic, then provide an example from the movie, The Notebook (Emmerich, Harris, Johnson, Kaplan, & Cassavetes, 2014).
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Then the Skinner box will be discussed, finally leading to the studies of Loftus and Palmer on the link between language and memory. The role and importance of ecological validity in each body of research will be discussed and evaluated. Ecological validity is how much the
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By clicking the clicker, you 're talking about the dog: "I like what you are doing at the moment, so you deserve a promotion. " This is called positive reinforcement. Plus dog training using such a device is that your dog impact behavior is minimized - comes first dog initiative . On this basis, we can speak of a high degree of memorability learned
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Hello Professor and classmates, The episodic memory typically focuses on your memories events that happened to you personally; it allows you to travel backward in subjective time to reminisce about earlier episodes in your life (Matlin, 2012). This can include your memory for something that occurred more then 10 years ago. An example of an episodic memory would be something such as the 9/11 attacks. Where you were and whom you were around when you learned of what had happened.
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Clive is able to recall some old memories from his episodic memory system, but can’t always go into detail about them. For example, he remembers that he’s married and has a wife. He remembers her name, but
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“Memory and Forgetting” is a podcast hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich on the Radiolab network, and even though it was broadcasted in June of 2007, the topics and information that they discuss are still relevant and intriguing today. The podcast examines where and how memories are stored and accessed as well as how they can be potentially erased or how false ones can be planted in a person’s mind. They speak with numerous guests and share a multitude of interesting stories ranging from laboratory experiments to an amnesiac almost completely lost to the world. To start off the podcast, hosts Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich discuss common memories metaphors, such as a filing cabinet and a hard drive, that experts say aren’t actually accurate.
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After reading an article by Endel Tulving, he talks about memory retrieval with regards to the human brain. He states in his thesis "The purpose of the present article is to question the traditional view that remembering the past and knowing things learned in the past represent similar cognitive processes" (Tulving, 1989). He continues by saying "I would suggest that remembering and knowing, as these terms are used here, are more appropriately conceptualized as operations of two hypothetical memory systems, episodic and semantic memory, and that in that sense they are not only similar, as all memory systems must be, but also basically different" (Tulving, 1989). In Tulving's first piece of evidence to support the above thesis he uses an example of a case study.
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(2008) notes the connection between episodic memory and memory with emotional connotations, pointing out that episodic memories can be triggered by heightened emotional awareness within an individual. This seems to be counterintuitive in light of the fact that episodic memory is related to non-rapid eye movement sleep, and in turn the hippocampus (Drosopoulos et al., 2013), while emotionally significant memory relates more to rapid eye movement sleep and its effect on the amygdala (Sterpenich et al., 2013). One reason for explaining the connection between episodic memory and emotional triggers is offered by a study carried out by Prince and Abel (2013), in which they note the connection between the hippocampus and amygdala, as much of the functioning of the amygdala relates to communication from the
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Retrograde Amnesia Retrograde amnesia is when you lose all memories from the recent past ( for example you get some sort of brain damage which then leads to the retrograde amnesia and you lose all memories from the past 2-5 years, maybe even less than 2 years and more than 5 ) . You can get retrograde amnesia from brain injuries traumatic events- (posttraumatic amnesia), surgeries, and/or electroconvulsive therapy - ( fact- some people purposely get electroconvulsive therapy to get amnesia, but it is most likely to trigger a seizure). The retrograde amnesia happens because you lost important brain cells, and once you lost them you can't get them back, so you will have to re-make them by making new memories. Chronic Insomnia Chronic insomnia is when you struggle sleeping, insomnia can last a short time (acute insomnia) and can last a long time (chronic insomnia). The cause of the chronic insomnia in this case is from MDD (major depressive disorder).
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The experiments used the sampling method in order to be able to predict the probability of a participant experiencing an autobiographical memory or aa prospective memory. The results of the experiment were as follows, the younger participants showed the they experience prospective memory and autobiographical memory equally. They did not experience one over the other. The findings of this study when it comes to younger participants is connected with the results of the previous studies. During this study, it was also identified that the younger participants experienced prospective memory for a longer period of time as opposed to the other type of memory.
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Memory Fragmentation Instead of narrating the murder of a black man, Chantal Akerman uses a unique camera language of dynamic shot and still shot in South to support its interwoven narrative between interview and natural landscape to recall the heavy memories in the past and think it in present. A repetition structure displays the natural and architectural landscape of the South. Akerman is good at using an observed mode to show the audience the memory of a place. At the beginning of the film, an opening shot is a long take that using tracking movement leads the audience to a row of ancient wood trees. These trees are neat and in order like an army.
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The biological approach to the basis of memory is explained in terms of underlying biological factors such as the activity of the nervous system, genetic factors, biochemical and neurochemicals. In general terms memory is our ability to encode, store, retain and recall information and past experiences afterwards in the human brain. In biological terms, memory is the recreation of past experiences by simultaneous activation or firing of neurons. Some of the major biopsychological research questions on memory are what are the biological substrates of memory, where are memories stored in the brain, how are memories assessed during recall and what is the mechanism of forgetting. The two main reasons that gave rise to the interest in biological basis of memory are that researchers became aware of the fact that many memory deficits arise from injuries to the brain.
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