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Cold Pressor Test

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The human being can perceive different degrees of thermal sensation. For distinguished cold sensation, Cold receptors are located under the skin at discrete separated spots. The Extreme degree of cold may provoke a stimulation of pain receptors and fibers (1). Thus a painful cold sensation can develop a psychological state that triggers the response in the sympathetic nervous system and release norepinephrine. Extensive sympathetic discharge excites the cardiovascular systems that produce pressor response, i.e, arteriolar constriction, increase heart rate, increase stroke volume, increase cardiac output and blood pressure (2). Hence, to assess the sympathetic activity in a subject, simple vasomotor test called the cold pressor test was done. …show more content…

Endothelial dysfunction of peripheral vasculature is an important feature of atherogenesis (8). Egashira K et al (9) concluded that the rise in heart rate and systolic blood pressure in cold stress is due to sympathetic stimulation. Moreover, serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels have been found to be inversely correlated with endothelium-dependent dilatation (7). Taddei S, et al (10) assessed that in subclinical hypothyroid patients the endothelial dysfunction is caused by reducing nitric oxide (NO) availability. Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule that raising cGMP levels to relaxes vascular smooth muscle …show more content…

Sympathetic nervous activity during cold stress increases cardiac output to increase capillary filtration rate in muscle tissue to the supplying the nutrients and oxygen to the muscular tissue and also allow for increase muscle to contract. Heart rate and blood pressure will be measured in the cold pressor test is to determine the level of stress response in the body. It is based on the reflex pathway where the afferent limb is somatic fibers where as the efferent limb is sympathetic fibers .The cold pressor test is an ethical and efficient way to affect the sympathetic response

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Decreased blood flow to the kidneys activates the renin angiotensin system. Renin is released, which activates angiotension to produce angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is also a potent vasoconstrictor, which causes both arterial and venous vasoconstriction. Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, which results in sodium and water reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys. The increase in sodium reabsorption raises the serum osmolarity and stimulates the release the antidiuretic hormone ADH from the posterior pituitary gland.

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Thus, the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, and the forced contractions widen the airways making it easier to breathe. Your body now releases stored energy, which allows for increased strength in muscles, and can also cause your palms to sweat, pupils to dilate, and hair to stand up. The parasympathetic division is most active during resting conditions, hence, why it can also be called, “rest and digest”. This division controls body processes during ordinary situations. It generally slows down your heart rate and decreases your blood

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• Warming (vasoconstriction): when cold the body protects itself by moving blood from the extremities to the vital organs, ensuring that they are kept warm. With the blood diverted to the major organs the capillaries and pores narrow, the skin appears pale and heat loss is prevented. The erector pili muscles contract, causing body hair to stand on end, trapping air against the surface of the skin, which is then warmed by body heat. Shivering occurs, caused by rapid and repeated muscle contractions which work to raise body temperature.

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