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Essay On Hippocampus

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The hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates. The hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe of the brain. It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long term memory and spatial navigation. Significant fractions of graft-derived cells also expressed beneficial neurotrophic factors such as the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. This grafting counteracted the injury-induced reductions and abnormalities in neurogenesis by both maintaining a normal level of neural stem cell activity in the subgranular zone and providing protection to reelin+ interneurons in the dentate gyrus. The role of neural stem cells on hippocampus in memory is reviewed in this article.

KEY WORDS: neural stem cells, hippocampus, memory, neurogenesis, brain.

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Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one on each side of the brain. The hippocampus is located just below the cerebral cortex. Whereas in primates it is located in the medial temporal lobe, underneath the cortical surface[3,4]. It contains two main interlocking parts: Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus. Graft-derived cells exhibited excellent survival and pervasive migration. The graft derived cells were differentiated into various cells like neurons, astrocytes, inter-neurons, and oligodendrocytic progenitors[5,6]. Lots of research work is going on whether neural stem cell (NSC) grafting after hippocampal injury would counteract impairments in mood, memory, and neurogenesis. In mammals, the insertion of new neurons could modulate the capability of the adult hippocampal network to handle the storage of new memories or the clearance of old

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The human brain is the most extraordinary thing in the universe but sometimes we create false memories without knowing. The human brain consists of a hundred billion neurons, as many as the entire Milky Way galaxy (“Voytek”). It stores numerous memories from childhood to the present. The majority of us, however,

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At the time the physician removed parts of his hippocampus as a way to stop his seizures. HM seizures went away, but he could not form any new memories. However, one form of memory left intact in both HM and Leonard is the ability to learn skills. This ability is known as procedural memory, a memory that is shown by performance rather than by conscious recollection (Kalat, 1998), it allows us to learn how to do things such as ride a bike or play an instrument. The areas of the brain outside of the hippocampus are involved in procedural memory, which is why an injury that results in anterograde amnesia doesn't affect procedural memory.

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Obsessive use of GPS may result in the shrinking of the hippocampus, studies find. The hippocampus is an area of the brain responsible for spatial ability. Specifically memory, navigation and spatial orientation. These skills are especially important in finding shortcuts and new routes. Shrinking of the hippocampus is often associated with aging, and is one of the first signs of Alzheimer 's disease.

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The hippocampus is a paired brain structure, which resembles a seahorse and is located in the ventromedial part of the temporal lobes. The granular cell layer of the hippocampus contains mitotically active neural stem cells (NSCs). The hippocampus forms new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions. Since the brain is symmetrical, the hippocampus is found in both hemispheres of the brain. When both sides of the hippocampus are damaged, the ability to create new memories can be delayed.

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The hippocampus is responsible for transferring short term memory to long term memory. It is one of the few parts of the

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After reading an article by Endel Tulving, he talks about memory retrieval with regards to the human brain. He states in his thesis "The purpose of the present article is to question the traditional view that remembering the past and knowing things learned in the past represent similar cognitive processes" (Tulving, 1989). He continues by saying "I would suggest that remembering and knowing, as these terms are used here, are more appropriately conceptualized as operations of two hypothetical memory systems, episodic and semantic memory, and that in that sense they are not only similar, as all memory systems must be, but also basically different" (Tulving, 1989). In Tulving's first piece of evidence to support the above thesis he uses an example of a case study.

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This is what other researchers have thought of too, and therefore a conclusion was made that additional processes have been taking place as well. Another strength is that there is neuropsychological evidence for this model as a patient, HM (Milner, 1966) underwent surgery which impaired his hippocampus and in turn affected his long-term memory as it no longer functioned properly, whereas his short-term memory was rather functional. Due to this we can conclude that these two processes are involved in the process of memory, as one of the stores was affected when the brain was damaged but the other was not (Baddeley, 2009).

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A superhero named Bell has two superpowers. Firstly, he has extraordinary memory because he can remember the specific date of each event. This is because of his powerful hippocampus, which linked to memory. After the nuclear explosion, Bell’s hippocampus was affected by the radiation and became to change immediately. Also, the glutamate sends signals to other cells and involved in learning and memory in the brain.

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The biological approach to the basis of memory is explained in terms of underlying biological factors such as the activity of the nervous system, genetic factors, biochemical and neurochemicals. In general terms memory is our ability to encode, store, retain and recall information and past experiences afterwards in the human brain. In biological terms, memory is the recreation of past experiences by simultaneous activation or firing of neurons. Some of the major biopsychological research questions on memory are what are the biological substrates of memory, where are memories stored in the brain, how are memories assessed during recall and what is the mechanism of forgetting. The two main reasons that gave rise to the interest in biological basis of memory are that researchers became aware of the fact that many memory deficits arise from injuries to the brain.

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