CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The Music Preferences
In spite of its universality, music is highly and inextricably intertwined with society and culture. Because the meaning or importance of music is ultimately defined in the context of cultural and societal values (Duany 1984), cross-cultural differences in music production styles and preferences are inevitable. Some cultures share preferences for genres of music, rhythm patterns and degree of musical participation, other cultures have widely divergent tastes. Music preferences tend to vary greatly among cultures (e.g., Moreno 1992 or Pope 1995).
LeBlanc et al. (1996) found that music preferences for the different styles were similar across this wide range of grades and ages.
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Smartphones have more features than ever before including touchscreen capabilities, GPS, cameras, and much more (http://www.thesnugg.com/a-brief-history-of-smartphones.aspx).
Smartphone is a mobile phone running a complete operating system in a manner similar to a traditional computer, which offer advanced computing abilities and connectivity options. These features enable new kinds of mobile services that in turn shape the usage of smartphone users. Research reports (3-7) on consumers of smartphones have revealed that nearly every students at a college level own smartphones. Although most of the students own smartphones not for learning and teaching purpose, but we can say that smartphones can be directed to useful and beneficial purposes in a way of communicating people and by doing other stuffs. There is a study that indicates 94.7% of the students used their smartphone at home and 38.54% of students used their smartphones at the university. The reason can be students find it risky to have their smartphones with them in their school because they do not know what kind of people would they meet in that place or maybe, they don’t just want to bring their smartphones with them in the