Ethos According To Darwin's Theory Of Medical Ethics

The term of the Greek word ethos can be defined as habitual or customary conduct. Early concepts of ethos describe it as the manifestation of virtues most valued in culture. Aristotle’s concept of ethos suggests that “well-formed” character will conduct and individual to habitually act in harmony with the principles of virtue [1]. Ethics, otherwise known as moral philosophy, is a term that originates from the word and concepts of ethos. As a result, this branch of philosophy appraises concepts of the principles surrounding virtue such as justice, behaviour and duties as moral or immoral connotations [2]. From early ethical theories like those Plato or Aristotle to more modern theories such as Darwin’s theory of The Social Development of Morality

While an old text, many principles of this ethical code remain relevant presently [7]. The oath gives paramount importance to securing the voluntary and informed cooperation of the patient under a physician’s. Thus, makes the argument that consent must be secured upon a conversation prior to treatment [8][9]. Nevertheless, the modern era and its technological advances have given rise to new ethical dilemmas in care and research. The legal implications associated with parental/guardian consent of infants, children or vulnerable groups only emerged around the middle of the 20th century. These laws emphasised the importance of protecting these groups while simultaneously allowing investigators to conduct worthy research with reasonable freedom [10][11]. The Nuremberg Code (1947) prompted for the voluntary consent of the human subject as indispensable. The revised version of the Declaration of Helsinki (1975) incorporated that when subjects are legally incompetent of providing informed consent, such as minors or mentally/physically disabled individuals, consent should be obtained from a responsible relative or guardian in accordance with national legislation [12][13]. In the UK, policies from The Human Tissue Act 2004, The Human Tissue Act (Scotland) 2006, The Human Tissue Regulations 2007 and Human Transplantation (Wales) Act 2013 regulate the removal, storage, use and disposal of human bodies, organs and tissue[14][15][16]. These regulations were established after the Alder Hey organs scandal to include more stringent consent regulations regarding organ donation for biomedical research, transplantation or education purposes