has also been used to assess family functioning is the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES IV) by Olson (2011). While the FAD consisted of six dimensions, the FACES IV focused on two major dimensions: cohesion and adaptability. Cohesion and adaptability are dimensions that are commonly used to describe general family functioning (Lee & Gardner, 2010; Liu, Shono & Kitamura, 2008; Ievers, Brown, Lambert, Hsu & Eckman, 1998; Mathijssen, 1998). In addition, a number of studies also reported that family activity is also a dimension connected to family functioning (Ylven, 2013; Elliott, 2010; Spagnola & Fiese, 2007; Llewellyn, Dunn, Fante, Turnbull, & Grace, 1999). For the purpose of this study, family functioning will be measured according to level (i.e., low, moderate, or high) depending on the researcher’s chosen dimensions. There may be a wide spectrum of factors associated to a family’s way of functioning, but in this study, the level of family functioning will be assessed using the dimensions under FAD (i.e., except affective responsiveness and affective involvement), FACES IV combined together with the family activities that families engage themselves in.
Problem solving Problem solving is one of the
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Those who have better coping skills (e.g., adjusting familial roles) (Costigan et al., 1997) result to developing more family strengths such as increased family cohesion (Abbottt & Meredith, 1986). There is a significance to examine the effects of a disability on how well a family copes and maintain positive attitudes (Gupta & Singhal, 2004). In simpler terms, families have to exert effort in working together and in relating to each other to achieve a high level of family functioning, as well as to successfully attend to a child’s special needs (Vliem, 2009; Costigan et al.,