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Fetishism And Paraphilia

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Fetishism and paraphilia can be defined as a longstanding and persistent sexual interest that describes a powerful eroticization of a part of another person’s body (feet, hair, breasts), non-living objects (shoes, clothing, objects), (Kafka, 2010) or activities and experiences (sadism, masochism, voyeurism, and pedophilia) (Friedman & Downey, 2000). Many individuals view their fetishes to be a healthy expression of sexuality; however, it is considered a paraphilia disorder if it produces significant psychological distress or impairment of functioning (Dawson, Bannerman, & Lalumière, 2016). For the purpose of this paper, fetishism and paraphilia are defined as one in the same. Many fetishes are accepted by society such as seductive clothes, …show more content…

He viewed the development of fetishes as a result of early childhood experiences (Freund, Seto, & Kuban, 1996). He stated, “sexual deviations were often the result of accidental experiences with a deviant act that was presumably rewarding.” (Binet as cited in Atkins, 2004). Atkins goes on to explain that it is the pairing of two separate stimuli under specific conditions that lead to its fruition. Some of the earliest research on conditioning was done by Rachman and Hodgson in 1968 (as cited in Lowenstein, 2002). This study revealed successful conditioning of an individual by repeatedly pairing a women’s boot and an attractive nude female, thus resulting in sexual …show more content…

Higher order conditioning is defined as a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with a conditioned stimulus, which therefore attempts to create an identically conditioned response as the stimulus that has been conditioned (Murdock, 2013, p. 247). With this in mind, once that stimulus has been conditioned, it serves the same role as the unconditioned stimulus, which in the case of Laws and Marshell’s model, was sexual arousal. From there, it was paired with another stimulus that subsequently acquired properties that were sexual as well. Atkins (2004) explains that this model also highlighted the significance of operant conditioning in the role of the development of paraphilia and

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In chapter 7, I found the concept of punishment to be most intriguing. Punishment is a part of operant conditioning which was theorized by B.F. Skinner. Punishment is often confused with negative reinforcement. However, the main difference between the two is: while the goal of reinforcement is to increase the likelihood of a behavior, the primary goal of punishment is to reduce the chances of the behavior it follows. In 1938, Skinner concluded that punishment produces only temporary suppression of behavior but later research found that effects may be permanent.

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Behavior therapy was studied by Ivan Pavlov and his famous dog study in which dogs were conditioned to salivate upon hearing a bell. It was later continued to be studied by John Watson who has the famous “Little Albert” study in which an 11-month old infant was conditioned to be scared of fuzzy white things because a rat was paired with a loud noise. The conclusion of the two conditioning experiences was that, behaviors followed by satisfying experiences tend to increase in frequency and behaviors followed by aversive experiences tend to decrease in frequency” (Thoma, 2015). Watson’s assistant Mary Jones, used this principle to clinical applications reasoning that, “if conditioning could be used to induce a phobia, perhaps it could be used to undo a phobia as well” (Thoma, 2015). Thus, behavior therapy was developed and began being used for

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This is the idea that people's behavior is based off of the consequences and reinforcements one receives. Slater agrees when she says, “Operant conditioning- a cold phrase for a concept that might really mean we are sculptors and sculpted, artist and artwork, responsible for the prompts we fashion.” (29). I making this comment Slater is agreeing that people are always in one of two positions. One is either the controller, giving reinforcements, or the controlled receiving the consequences they are given for their actions.

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The objectification of women has lead to sexual abuse, self esteem issues, and judgement based on their eroticism. The understanding

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05.06 Discussion-Based Assessment The first thing we discussed was classical conditioning. It sort of all started after Pavlov’s experiment with the dogs. John B. Watson, a psychologist, began his testing on emotional conditioning. John’s theory was that people are not born with a fear of objects.

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Sexual Objectification as the Wonderful Part of Sexual Life Sexual objectification is oftentimes – and mistakenly - used to portray women as being dehumanized sexually, often reduced to objects, things and commodities. Nussbaum argues that careful evaluation demonstrates some objectification can be compatible with consent and equality, and even be a wonderful part of sexual life. Sexual objectification, I argue, does have positive implications for women, since it can sometimes be humanizing, enhance mutual respect and social equality, as well as promote and respect autonomy. Sexual objectification, a complex concept and often ambiguously defined, has been argued by feminists to describe the treatment women as mere things to be controlled

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Pavlov developed the theory of Classical Conditioning. This is where certain stimuli can invoke particular behavior. He conducted his experiments on dogs, testing whether or not he could condition them to salivate at the sound of a bell. At first, along with the bell, he would hold up food, causing the dogs to salivate. After repeating this action numerous times, Pavlov would ring the bell without the food and found that the dogs would still salivate.

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Chapter Five I used to love eating seafood when I was around the age years of three through six, especially crabs. However, as I grew up, I began to hate it because I started to recognize the repulsive smell of seafood (including crabs). The smell of seafood is just so disgusting that it makes me want to vomit. Nonetheless, how does this correlate to classical conditioning and what is classical conditioning?

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Introduction Learning enables you as an individual, to gain more knowledge about something which you have never learned about. Learning also has to do with past experiences which are influenced by behavioural changes (Weiten, 2016). There are different types of ways to learn; through, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning which will be discussed and analysed in the essay.   Behaviourism Behaviourism is considered one of the main subjects in psychology and the two main people who founded behaviourism were, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, also known as B.F Skinner and Ivan Pavlov who were famous for the work they did on classical and operant conditioning (Moderato & Presti, 2006). According to Moderato and Presti

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Chapter three deals with procedures based in the principles of “respondent conditioning”, also known as Classical or Pavlovian conditioning. Classical conditioning is different than “operant conditioning”, in which a behavior is modified through its consequences, known as a reinforcer or punisher. These behaviors are called operant behaviors or voluntary. However, this chapter focuses on “respondent behavior”.

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Conclusion Operant conditioning is a theory which was developed by an American psychologist named B.F. Skinner. This theory has been known as a learning process. It applies to four different methods, that consists of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment. In this case positive is seen as something being added and negative as something being taken away.

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The major key findings that were discovered in this study include the idea that it is possible that after being conditioned to react to a certain stimulus, the subject could possibly begin to generalize different objects that may cause the subject to react the same way towards the generalized stimuli as the subject did to the original stimulus. Another finding is that classical conditioning is something that could potentially have a long lasting effect on someone, especially if the subject formed a generalization to the original stimulus. The researchers felt that because of the lack of experimental evidence provided about the subject before this experiment prompted them to research it

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At an age where there is still recess, putting this boy in the age range of three to twelve, children are conditioned to be comfortable with “erotic play”, and do so with almost anyone. Not only are the people of the “Brave New World” conditioned to find pleasure and happiness in sex at a young age when they are bored,

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INTRODUCTION Have you ever thought on how people explain about behaviour? How do we know when learning process has occurred? Learning is permanent change that happened in the way of your behaviour acts, arises from experience one’s had gone through. This kind of learning and experience are beneficial for us to adapt with new environment or surrounding (Surbhi, 2018). The most simple form of learning is conditioning which is divided into two categories which are operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

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Therefore, the way this conditioning technique was carried out, and the results of this technique are inaccurate to real world psychological conditioning practices. The goal of this treatment was to condition the criminal subject to have feelings of strong distress whenever he or she experiences feelings and urges to act violently. The idea of classical conditioning is to make the subject understand that with

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