SUBMITTED BY: Saba Tassadaq
Registration # 1725252
Assignment:
Cadmium stress on freshwater algae
Submitted to: Miss. Urmah Mahrosh (IESE.SCEE.NUST) Table of abbreviations used
CdSO4 Cadmium sulphate
ROS Reactive oxygen species
TEM Transmission electron microscope
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
ITEM If then else minimizer
CCD Charged couple device
HPLC High performance liquid chromatography
Ca calcium
Cd cadmium CADMIUM STRESS ON FRESHWATER BLUE GREEN ALGEA
ABSTRACT:
Due to the increasing components of heavy metals, produced by industries, Cd in becoming most dangerous
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After that cells were incubated in 0.2 μg/ml DAPI in darkness for 50 min and again washed three times.
Cells were confocal laser scanning microscope, with an excitation of 340-380 n and a long-pass filter of 425nm,with a mercury vapor discharge lamp.
8. Micrasterias cells were treated with 150 μM CdSO4 for 1h,4h,1d and 3d from 1h CdSO4 exposure, cells treated with10 μM thapsigargin (4h), cells pretreated with 232 μM or 2 mM CaSO4 for 2/day an treated with Cdso4 as mentioned above as well as controls were inspected by TEM.
Cells were embedded in agar low-viscosity resins before this were fixed by high pressure freezing and subsequent cryo-substitution probs were sectioned with a leica UC7 or reichert imaging, sections were mounted on formvar coated copper grids .
Sections were placed on hexagonal narrow mesh copper grids for EELS and images EELS analysis 40-50 nm. With in-column energy filter at 80KV for conventional imaging and at 120KV for EELS and images EELS, the sample were inspected in a LEO 912 AB omega TEM.
By a TRS sharpeye dual reduce speed can CCD camera images, EELS and images EELS were
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In other algae the Cd was detected in chloroplast, cell wall and vacuoles but in blue green algae it was very to detect still with the highly sensitivity method. But due to the exposure of Cd there appeared a lot of effects like damage of dictyosomes, loss in photosynthetic activities along with disturbance in ultrastructure and ROS production. Cd effected in blue green algae as like as in other plants, rupture of membrane and destruction in photosynthetic