Misogyny: A Literature Review

While there is an increase in interest in gender and women studies, many controversies, deficits and gaps are existed in explaining the relationship between perceived gender factors, misogyny in the context of this paper, and women’s political participation through the lenses of comparative political frameworks. It becomes more vivid when discussing and analyzing political effects of gender on women running for offices and especially for the office of commander in chief.

The following is a review of academic research, journals, books relating to women in politics and gender studies. This part begins with a review of past studies in the field of gender and misogyny, as well as their relation to political institution including gender stereotypes,

Apparently, men do fear of women; and they put their fear on display with various exhibitions of hatred, which is sweeping broadly, cross-culturally, consecutively over time as a result of mental perturbation, not an endeavour to generate and elevate beneficial environment for a male-biased system. Described as one of men’s psychological anxiousness, misogyny owes its origin to “identical experiences of male’s development cycle, rather than causes by the environment alone” (2001). In other words, men’s development cycle is to blame for their inner struggle; and without uttering it directly, the implied word is “mother” and/ or “wife”. Ultimately, his work on misogyny itself is misogynistic because the underlying message is clear: despite being left with no voice and just a few choices, being victims of brutality, violence and hatred, women themselves are the root of the

Drawing on Anderson’s (2015) definition, modern misogyny is a devious and subtle form of prejudice that uses feminist ideology against itself. The 21st century paradigm, as Anderson discussed in Modern Misogyny: Anti-Feminism in a Post-Feminist Era, asserts that feminism won, and that women are now empowered and have limitless choices. These mistaken notions of gender equality in modern world underpin what Anderson called modern misogyny, which has especially detrimental effects on women since it deters collective action in favor of individual. Issues such as sexual harassment and assault come to be individual victim’s problems, and are overlooked as systemic sequel of inequality. Social changes enabled modern misogyny to build up a stronghold. Therefore, when women fight the battle against misogyny alone for their own sake rather than for the society as a whole for both women and men, it will