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Genetic Variation Lab Report

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During this past week, we covered chapter 2.3, which included topics such as Hardy-Weinberg. Allele frequency, and adaptive evolution. I learned more about microevolution which is a change in allele frequencies in populations over generations on a very small scale. We typically see microevolution during our lifetime, with its main causes being genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. Furthermore, we discussed and covered genetic variation among individuals. Genetic variation can be seen within all species, we can the variation both in phenotypic and genotypic variations. Examples of phenotypic variation in populations can range from height to hair color. Phenotypic variations are those that can be observed. A genotypic variation (gene …show more content…

To elaborate, to understand the Hardy-Weinberg concept, comprehension of the basics is crucial. Defining population and gene pool are essential to the comprehension of the Hardy-Weinberg equation. A population is a group of interbreeding individuals in the same area that produces offspring. A gene pool is all the copies of every type of allele in all the locus and in every individual organism of a population. We can also determine if a population is not evolving if the allele and genotypic frequencies remain the same over the course of several generations. This type of occurrence in a population is called the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The main conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are for there to be no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, and no gene flow. Any deviation from these stated conditions may result in evolution in one way or …show more content…

In natural selection, if there is a consistency in favoring certain alleles over other alleles, a process called adaptive evolution will occur. This process can increase the frequency of alleles that benefit survival and reproduction. Another process that can alter the allele frequency is genetic drift, which is when allele frequencies change over generations because of chance. Two examples of genetic drift can be caused by the founder effect and the bottleneck effect. The founder effect is when a group of a large population is isolated from that population to establish a new population. The other effect is the bottleneck effect, in which is when a sudden event that harms the population drastically reduces the population size. The last main cause for a change in allele frequencies comes from gene flow. Gene flow, which is the transfer of alleles from one population to

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Variation is a difference of characteristics such as structure, form, function, colour and size when compared to others of the same species within a specific environment. Variation can occur through mutation, the recombination between chromosomes and migration, of which usually happens due to environmental or genetic factors. Variation permits the survival of species in a changing environment and ensures protection from exposure to diseases or environmental disasters. Those who possess variation in species ensures that when their environment changes the individuals will have the variation that will allow them to survive while those who do not possess the variation will die out. This is natural selection and goes hand in hand alongside variation.

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The animals' alleles can be influenced by factors such as genetic drift, gene flow, artificial selection, and sexual selection. Genetic drift is an event causing the random deaths of animals. Gene flow is where animals migrate to different a different population

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Any genetic variation possessed can be an advantage or disadvantage depending on the environment. For example, an organism that is red is less likely to survive in a green grassy

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Some examples of this hinted in the article are selection, genes, and environmental factors. Selection is the inheritance of survival, genes create variation, and geographic barriers is explained in the

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One was produced by the Seattle SNPs Project and sequenced 320 genes in 24 African-Americans and 23 European-Americans, all unrelated to each other to reduce the effects of having similar sequences catalogued more than once. Using analysis software PHASE, each haplotype was classified according to an identifying allele and lineage, and was grouped with similar haplotypes, and phylogenetic trees with the maximum likelihood of being correct were constructed and selected by a different software, PHYML. The researchers took any pattern in which a haplotype departed from the average consensus sequence of its lineage as an indication that recombination or gene conversion occurred. Deviation from neutral evolution was tested with an F test, quantifying differences between empirical data on sequence change and what would be expected from neutral evolution as shown in

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The Hardy-Weinberg model (p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1) proposes that the frequencies should stay the same if the conditions are met. These conditions include no mutations, no immigration or emigration, random mating, no natural selection, and a large sample size. In reality, populations will not adhere to the Hardy-Weinberg conditions in most aspects. Many conditions and events can alter the allelic frequency of a population

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For example, they are traits that set the genders apart such as color, shape, and size and are the result of their inheritance. The handicap principle basically says that females prefer certain traits in their male counterparts. The handicap principle, in the case of sexual dimorphism, says that animals with these dimorphic traits may be most fit to reproduce and signal other individuals in their population, but the specialization of traits comes at great cost. You could determine if the handicap principle is able to explain a sexually dimorphic trait if male/females are more drawn to certain distinct characteristics in the opposite sex (Schaefer, et al., 2012). You could do an observation study in which you view two different populations of species and make note of their mating habits.

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Genetic variation consist of the differences between individuals. The variation among humans has led to the concepts of race and ethnicity, which are not interchangeable. For the term race, can be consider a subspecies—the differences or variation within the same specie (Stanford 118). Humans belong to the homo-sapiens specie, but have phenotype variability, which are traits influenced by the genotype. While ethnicity is the culture one is born in, for example, language or religion (“What is the difference between race and ethnicity?”).

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Hence, random genetic drift is, by far, the dominant mechanism molecular of evolution and explains the variation within and between species. For example, if a population carries several different alleles of a particular gene, chances are that each of those alleles is equally good at performing its job. Hence none of the alleles can be said to be more fit than the other. Allele frequencies in small populations do not generally reflect those of larger populations since too small of a set of individuals cannot represent all of the alleles for the entire population. Genetic drift occurs when the population size is limited and therefore by chance, certain alleles increase or decrease in frequency.

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This involved an organism’s body size, hair color, facial markings and number of offspring. Although some organisms showed little to no variation, this was still important. The second was inheritance, which means that some traits will be passed down to their offspring. So, that means that those traits that were passed down,

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Migrating individuals go to interbreed with a new population and contribute a significant amount of their genes to that gene pool. As a result, the similarity of the migrating individuals’ population and the population they interbred with increases because of gene flow. The most important mechanism of evolutionary change is natural selection. The better adapted individuals are more likely to pass on their genes more efficiently than the less fit individuals. Over time, the offspring become better adapted to their environment.

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Natural selection affects individuals by forcing the species to interact and reproduce. If the individuals fails to meet one of the points Darwin outlined, then their genetic code have died within that line, however that doesn’t mean that its population has deteriorated; it just means that the unique genetic code acquired by the failed individuals are no longer

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Genetic variation arises when a random gene mutation occurs creating a species that differs slightly from the previous one. These species with their genetic differences try to adapt to the current environment. The species with the most favorable traits will survive while the species with the less desirable trait will eventually go extinct. Genetic variation can also lead to speciation which is the development of an entirely new species factoring time, genetic differences, and the environment. Adaptation is the species ability to adapt to its changing surroundings.

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The genetic architecture of a complex trait consists of all the genetic and environmental factors that affect the trait, along with the magnitude of their individual effects and interaction effects among the factors. The quantitative genetics approach has diverse applications. It is fundamental to an understanding of the variation and co-variation among relatives in natural and managed populations, of the dynamics of evolutionary change, and of the methods for animal improvement and alleviation

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